Ethanol by continuous fermentation using a combination of immobilised yeast and liquid-liquid ...

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Loughborough University
Institutional Repository
Ethanol by continuous
fermentation using a
combination of immobilised
yeast and liquid-liquid
extraction
ThisitemwassubmittedtoLoughboroughUniversity’sInstitutionalRepository
by the/an author.
Additional Information:
• A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University.
Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14347
Publisher: (cid:13)c M. Gyamerah
Please cite the published version.
This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the
author and is made available in the Institutional Repository
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For the full text of this licence, please go to:
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ETHANOL BY CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION
USING A COMBINATION OF IMMOBILISED YEAST
AND LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
by
MICHAEL GYAHERAH
A DOCTORAL THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of
degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the
Loughborough University of Technology
1984
Supervisor: Mr. John Glover
Director of Research: Professor D. C. Freshwater
©
M. Gyamerah, March 1984
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that I am responsible for the
work submitted in this thesis, that the original work is
my own except as specified in acknowledgements and that
neither the thesis nor the original work contained herein
has been submitted to this or any other institution for
a degree
M. Gyamerah
t..o"hhor(!ugh Unlvef'Itty
of or !:;chnoic9Y Ubnry
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(i)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my very profound gratitude
to my supervisor Mr. John Glover for his invaluable guidance
and encouragement at every stage of the study.
My sincere thanks also go to Professor D. C. Freshwater,
Head of Department and Director of Research for making
available the excellent facilities for the work. May I also
extend my thanks to Mer-srs. Andy Milne, Frank McKeown, David·
Smith and Hugh Peters of the Department of Chemical Engineering
", for their kind cooperation and help during the construction
of the experimental apparatus and during the work.
Gratitude also to my friends and colleagues - Sudi Mteza,
Emad Baddar, Peter Wilson, John Erinne, and Teju Bogunjoko -
for their encouragement and various useful suggestions.
Thanks to the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission of the
United Kingdom for making the grant available for. the study
and to my employers, Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research (C.S.I.R), Accra, Ghana for granting me a 3-year
study leave.
Finally my thanks and gratitude to Mrs Christine Sharpe
for her patience in typing the scripts.
(ii)
LIST OF TABLES
2.2.1.1 TYPICAL DRY YEAST CELL COMPOSITION 20
2.2.1.1.1 THE ABILITY OF S. CEREVISIAE AND S. UVARUM
TO FERMENT DIFFERENT CARBOHYDRATES 22
3.2.1 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF STARCH AND
AVERAGE CROP YIELDS OF STARCHY RAW MATERIALS 77
3.4.1 ANNUAL WORLD PRODUCTION AND ETHANOL YIELDS
OF CARBOHYDRATE FEED STOCKS 80
4.1.3.1.8.1 IMMOBILISED YEAST FERMENTER PRODUCTIVITIES 103
4.2.6.1 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS IN ETHANOL RECOVERY
PROCESSES 141
9.1.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOLVENTS FOR
CONTINUOUS EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION 206
11.1.2.1.1 BEAD SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BATCH NO.1 239
11.1.2.1.2 BEAD SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF BATCH No.2 239
11.3.3.1.1 MINIMUM TIME FOR EXPERIMENTAL RUNS 279
12.1.1 RESULTS OF CONTINUOUS PILOT PLANT OPERATION
(10.0% WT GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 282
12.1. 2 FLOW RATES, GLUCOSE, ETHANOL AND GLYCEROL
CONCENTRATIONS FOR STEADY STATE PILOT
PLANT OPERATION (10.0% WT GLUCOSE FRESH
FEED) 283
12.2.1 RESULTS OF CONTINUOUS PILOT PLANT OPERATION
(19.6% WT GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 285
12.2.2 FLOW RATES, GLUCOSE, ETHANOL AND GLYCEROL
CONCENTRATIONS FOR STEADY STATE PILOT PLANT
OPERATION (19.6% WT GLUCOSE FRESH 'FEED) 286
(iii)
U
12.3.1 RESULTS OF CONTINOUS PILOT PLANT OPERATION
I-
(27.2% WT GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 288
12.3.2 FLOW RATES, GLUCOSE, ETHANOL AND GLYCEROL
OPERATION (27.2% GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 289
12.4.1 RESULTS OF CONTINUOUS PILOT PLANT OPERATION
(35.5% GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 301
12.4.2 FLOW RATES, GLUCOSE, ETHANOL AND GLYC!ROL
CONCENTRATIONS FOR STEADY STATE PILOT PLANT
OPERATION (35.5% WT GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 302
U V'
12.5.1 RESULTS OF CONTINOUS PILOT PLANT OPERATION
I-
(45.8% GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 304
12.5.2 FLOW RATES, GLUCOSE, ETHANOL AND GLYCEROL
CONCENTRATIONS FOR STEADY STATE PILOT PLANT
OPERATION (45.8% WT GLUCOSE FRESH FEED) 305
13.1.1 SUMMARY OF MASS BALANCES 309
13.2.1 FERMENTER PRODUCTIVITIES, EQUIVALENT DILUTION
RATES AND RELATIVE WEIGHT FRACTIONS OF WATER
IN THE FRESH FEED 312
13.3.1 THE PERCENTAGE GLUCOSE TO ETHANOL CONVERSION,
PERCENTAGE GLUCOSE CONVERSION AND THE OVERALL
PERCENTAGE YIELD OF ETHANOL ON GLUCOSE 313