Essential Guide to Food Additives

309 Pages·2013·4 MB·English

by  Mike Saltmarsh

4th Edition
Edited by Mike Saltmarsh
Essential Guide to
Food Additives
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Essential Guide to Food Additives
4th Edition

Essential Guide to Food Additives
th
4 Edition
Edited by
Mike Saltmarsh
Inglehurst Foods Limited, Alton, UK
Email: [email protected]
ISBN:978-1-84973-560-5
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Preface
The purpose of the Essential Guide to Food Additives is to provide a legal
and technical understanding of the use of additives in food. It is intended to
be an objective guide in an area that is often characterised by overheated
discussion. The first edition was published in 2000 and was sufficiently
successful that two further editions were published, in 2003 and 2008, to
incorporate the additions and removals of additives and to recognise
amendments to legislation.
ThepublicationoftheFoodImprovementAgentsRegulationsintheEUin
2011introducedanewapproachtothelegislationandnecessitatedacomplete
revision of the chapter on European food legislation. At the same time the
opportunity has been taken for a complete revision of the text. All chapters
havebeenrewrittenandanadditionalchapteronthedevelopmentofEuropean
food legislation has been included to provide a historical context to assist
understanding of food law as it stands in 2012.
The principle of the Guide has always been that the contributions on indi-
vidual additives have been produced or edited by experts on that class of
additive.Thefirsteditionwascreatedwiththeassistanceofsome49individual
contributorsfromtheEUandUSA.Thiseditionhasbenefitedfromupdatesby
a number of these contributors and new contributions from a further 13
experts. I am extremely grateful to these contributors whose efforts keep the
guideaccurateanduptodateasIappreciatethatitisverydifficulttofindthe
timeforadditionalprojectsinabusyworkschedule.Alistofthecontributors
tothisneweditionwillbefoundatthebackofthebook.Asever,therewillbe
those reading this volume who have additional information on particular
additives.Commentsandcontributionsarealwayswelcomeandwiththemthe
next edition will be better.
EssentialGuidetoFoodAdditives,4thEdition
EditedbyMikeSaltmarsh
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2013
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
v

Contents
Chapter 1 Food Additives and Why They Are Used 1
Mike Saltmarsh and Lynn Insall
1.1 What are Additives? 2
1.2 Preservatives 4
1.3 Antioxidants 5
1.4 Emulsifiers and Stabilisers 6
1.5 Colours 6
1.6 Sweeteners 6
1.7 Flavour Enhancers 7
1.8 Flavourings 7
1.9 Other Additives 8
1.10 Safety of Additives 9
1.11 Intolerance 10
1.12 ‘‘Clean Labels’’ 12
1.13 Conclusion 12
References 12
Chapter 2 Safety of Food Additives in Europe 14
Susan M Barlow
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Definition of a Food Additive 14
2.3 European Legislation and the Safety Assessment
Process 15
2.3.1 The Framework Legislation 15
2.3.2 Legislation on Specific Classes of Additives 15
EssentialGuidetoFoodAdditives,4thEdition
EditedbyMikeSaltmarsh
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2013
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
viii Contents
2.3.3 The Role of the European Food Safety
Authority 16
2.3.4 GeneralCriteriafortheUseofFoodAdditives 17
2.4 Origin of ‘‘E’’ Numbers 17
2.5 Safety Testing of Food Additives 17
2.5.1 Toxicological Tests Required 17
2.5.2 Outcomes of Toxicity Tests 20
2.5.3 Relevance of Effects Observed in Animals for
Human Risk Assessment 21
2.6 Risk Assessment of Food Additives 22
2.6.1 Derivation of an Acceptable Daily Intake 23
2.6.2 ComparisonofExposuretoFoodAdditivesin
the Diet with ADIs 24
2.6.3 Re-evaluation of Permitted Additives 26
2.7 Conclusions 26
References 27
Chapter 3 The Development of Food Additive Legislation in Europe 31
David Jukes
3.1 Fundamentals 31
3.2 Stage One – Early Harmonisation Attempts 34
3.3 Stage 2 – Creating the Internal Market 37
3.4 Stage Three – Changing Emphasis: from Trade to
Public Health 39
Chapter 4 European Legislative Framework Controlling the Use of
Food Additives 44
Annie-Laure Robin and Devina Sankhla
4.1 Introduction 44
4.2 EU Food Law Framework 45
4.2.1 EU Food Improvement Agents Package 46
4.2.2 EU Regulation (EC) No. 1333/2008 on
Food Additives 47
4.2.3 EU Purity Criteria for Food Additives 47
4.3 EU Food Categories for the Use of Food Additives 48
4.4 EU Food Additives 49
4.4.1 Definition 49
4.4.2 WhatisnotConsideredaFoodAdditiveinthe
EU? 49
4.4.3 EU Functional Classes of Food Additives and
theirDefinitions 50
4.4.4 Carried-Over and Reverse Carried-Over Food
Additives 53
Contents ix
4.5 DifferenceBetweenaFoodAdditiveandaProcessing
Aid 54
4.6 How to Determine Whether a Substance Is a Food
Additive or a Nutrient? 55
4.7 European Approval Process for Food Additives 55
4.7.1 European Union Lists of Approved Food
Additives 58
4.7.2 EU Food Additives Database 58
4.8 EU Labelling Rules on Food Additives 59
4.8.1 Current and Future EU Labelling Legislation 59
4.8.2 Allergen Declaration 60
4.8.3 Specific Labelling for Six Food Colours 60
References 62
Chapter 5 Legislation for Food Additives Outside Europe 65
Vanessa Richardson, Ella Freeman, Laura Fitzpatrick,
Linda Amirat, Mariko Kubo and Meng Li
5.1 Introduction 65
5.1.1 Labelling Issues 66
5.2 Codex Alimentarius 67
5.2.1 Codex General Standard on Food Additives 68
5.2.2 JECFA 70
5.2.3 Specifications 71
5.3 Food Additives Legislation in Other Countries 72
5.3.1 USA 72
5.3.2 Canada 79
5.3.3 Japan 80
5.3.4 Other Far East Countries 81
5.3.5 MERCOSUR 82
5.3.6 Middle East 83
5.3.7 Australia and New Zealand 85
References 87
Chapter 6 E Numbers 91
Subject Index 277