Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera

367 Pages·2011·4.69 MB·English

by  T. Ramamurthy, S.K. Bhattacharya (auth.), T. Ramamurthy, S.K. Bhattacharya (eds.)

Infectious Disease
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·
T. Ramamurthy S.K. Bhattacharya
Editors
Epidemiological
and Molecular Aspects
on Cholera
123
Editors
T.Ramamurthy S.K.Bhattacharya
NationalInstituteofCholeraandEnteric IndianCouncilofMedicalResearch
Diseases NewDelhi110029,India
P-33C.I.T.RoadSchemeXM [email protected]
Kolkata700010,India
[email protected]
ISBN978-1-60327-264-3 e-ISBN978-1-60327-265-0
DOI10.1007/978-1-60327-265-0
SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010936274
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Preface
Morethan150yearsagothecholera-causingpathogenVibriocholeraewasdiscov-
eredandknowledgeonitscharacteristics,biochemistry,physiologyandgeneticsis
growing incessantly. Many of its unique features give feast for research and frus-
tration in managing the disease. Though our understanding of the features and
behaviour of V. cholerae are remarkable, suffering from its infection in the form
ofcholeraisstillcontinuing,mostlyinAsianandAfricancountries.Owingtolack
ofsurveillanceandtimelyreportingofcholerainendemicregionsduetoeconomic
andotherdisincentives,theoverallcholerascenariohasnotchangedsubstantially.
(cid:2)
Theraisondêtreofitspersistenceinnatureismainlyattributedtoageoldfactors
suchascontaminatedorinadequatewatersupply,sanitaryconditions,congregation
of people due to natural calamities or political unrest and by and large the poor
healthpractises.
During the last three decades, intensive research has been made to understand
the virulence properties of the organisms, genes that support the colonization and
survival in the gut as well in the environments and their contribution in the epi-
demiologyofcholera.Howcholeraspreadsaroundtheglobeandwhatdetermines
its seasonal peaks in endemic areas are not well known. These features of cholera
have been hypothesized primarily due to the biotic and abiotic environmental fac-
torsandsuchfindingsareacknowledgedallovertheworld.However,utilizationof
suchimportantinformationstillremainsagrayarea.
Recently,studieshavealsobeenmadeontheadaptivemechanismsofV.cholerae
intheenvironments.ThephenotypicandgeneticstudiesshowedthatV.choleraeis
relentlessly flex, resulting in instantaneous adaptation to the environment as well
as in the human host. Detection of strain diversity at the molecular level and its
impact of disease dynamics are the other important components in the molecular
epidemiology. This field of research is growing fast facilitated by recent techno-
logical developments. However, on account of its broad spectrum of pathogenic
potential,V.choleraestillremainsasaparadigmofhumanpathogen.
Manycholeramonographshavebeenpublishedinthepastdescribingthehistory
ofthediseaseanddevelopmentsintheresearchduringthattime.Wehavekeptaway
oursightsonthiserstwhileinformationtoavoidredundancyandtofocusoncurrent
developments.Wehopethatthisbookwillbeanabridgmentforresearchersinthe
v
vi Preface
fieldofcholeraandotherentericdiseases.Weacknowledgethegeneroustimeand
effort that the authors have devoted for their manuscripts and also for patience to
seetheirgreatchaptersinprint.
Kolkata,India T.Ramamurthy
NewDelhi,India S.K.Bhattacharya
Contents
1 GeneralIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
T.RamamurthyandS.K.Bhattacharya
2 AsiaticCholera:MoleHillsandMountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
AsishK.MukhopadhyayandT.Ramamurthy
3 EndemicandEpidemicCholerainAfrica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
SambaSow,MartinAntonio,JoeO.Oundo,
InacioMandomando,andT.Ramamurthy
4 PhenotypicandMolecularCharacteristicsofEpidemic
and Non-epidemic Vibrio cholerae Strains Isolated
in Russia and Certain Countries of Commonwealth
ofIndependentStates(CIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
ElenaV.Monakhova
5 TheRe-emergenceofCholeraintheAmericas . . . . . . . . . . . 79
GabrielaDelgado,RosarioMorales,JoseLuisMendez,
andAlejandroCravioto
6 TheEvolutionofVibriocholeraeasaPathogen . . . . . . . . . . . 97
JohnJosephMekalanos
7 MolecularEpidemiologyofToxigenicVibriocholerae . . . . . . . 115
ShahM.Faruque,G.BalakrishNair,andYoshifumiTakeda
8 DiversityandGeneticBasisofPolysaccharideBiosynthesis
inVibriocholerae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
ShanmugaSozhamannanandFitnatH.Yildiz
9 Significance of the SXT/R391 Family of Integrating
ConjugativeElementsinVibriocholerae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
VincentBurrus
10 SmallMoleculeSignalingSystemsinVibriocholerae. . . . . . . . 185
RupakK.Bhadra,SangitaShah,andBhabatoshDas
vii
viii Contents
11 VibriocholeraeFlagellarSynthesisandVirulence . . . . . . . . . 203
KhalidAliSyedandKarlE.Klose
12 FilamentousPhagesofVibriocholeraeO1andO139 . . . . . . . . 213
MasahikoEharaandM.JohnAlbert
13 PathogenicPotentialofNon-O1,Non-O139Vibriocholerae . . . . 223
AmitSarkar,RanjanK.Nandy,andAsokeC.Ghose
14 Proteases Produced by Vibrio cholerae and Other
PathogenicVibrios:PathogenicRolesandExpression . . . . . . . 245
SumioShinoda
15 ToxinsofVibriocholeraeandTheirRoleinInflammation,
Pathogenesis,andImmunomodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
KaminiWaliaandNirmalKumarGanguly
16 VibriocholeraeHemolysin:AnEnigmaticPore-Forming
Toxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
KalyanK.BanerjeeandBudhadityaMazumdar
17 Integron-MediatedAntimicrobialResistanceinVibrio
cholerae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
AmitGhoshandT.Ramamurthy
18 AquaticRealmandCholera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
AnwarHuq,ChrisJ.Grim,andRitaR.Colwell
19 ManagementofCholera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
P.Dutta,D.Sur,andS.K.Bhattacharya
SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Contributors
M.JohnAlbertDepartmentofMicrobiology,FacultyofMedicine,Kuwait
University,Safat,Kuwait,[email protected]
MartinAntonioMedicalResearchCouncilLaboratories,Banjul,TheGambia,
[email protected]
KalyanBanerjeeDivisionofBiochemistry,NationalInstituteofCholeraand
EntericDiseases,Kolkata700010,India,[email protected]
RupakK.BhadraInfectiousDiseasesandImmunologyDivision,IndianInstitute
ofChemicalBiology,4RajaS.C.MullickRoad,Jadavpur,Kolkata700032,India,
[email protected]
S.K.BhattacharyaIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch,V.Ramalingaswami
Bhawan,AnsariNagar,NewDelhi110029,India,[email protected]
VincentBurrusDépartementdebiologie,UniversitédeSherbrooke,2500
boulevarddel’Université,Sherbrooke,QC,CanadaJ1K2R1,
[email protected]
RitaR.ColwellMarylandPathogenResearchInstitute,UniversityofMaryland,
CollegePark,MD20742,USA,[email protected]
AlejandroCraviotoInternationalCentreforDiarrhoealDiseasesResearch,
Dhaka,Bangladesh,[email protected]
BhabatoshDasInfectiousDiseasesandImmunologyDivision,IndianInstituteof
ChemicalBiology,Kolkata,Jadavpur,India,[email protected]
GabrielaDelgadoDepartmentofPublicHealth,FacultyofMedicine,Universidad
NacionalAutónomadeMéxico,MexicoCity,Mexico,
[email protected]
P.DuttaNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata,India,
[email protected]
ix
x Contributors
MasahikoEharaDepartmentofBacteriology,InstituteofTropicalMedicine,
NagasakiUniversity,1-12-4Sakamoto,Nagasaki852-8523,Japan,
[email protected]
ShahM.FaruqueMolecularGeneticsLaboratory,InternationalCentrefor
DiarrhoealDiseasesResearch,Dhaka1212,Bangladesh,[email protected]
NirmalKumarGangulyIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch,Ansarinagar,
NewDelhi,India,[email protected]
AsokeC.GhoseNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,P-33,CIT
Road,Scheme-XM,Beliaghata,Kolkata700010,India,[email protected]
AmitGhoshNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata700010,
India,[email protected]
ChrisJ.GrimMarylandPathogenResearchInstitute,UniversityofMaryland,
CollegePark,MD20742,USA,[email protected]
AnwarHuqMarylandPathogenResearchInstitute,UniversityofMaryland,3132
BioscienceResearchBuilding#413,CollegePark,MD20742,USA,
[email protected]
KarlE.KloseDepartmentofBiology,UniversityofTexasSanAntonio,One
UTSACircle,SanAntonio,TX78249-1644,USA,[email protected]
InacioMandomandoCentroInvestigaçãoemSáudeManhiça(CISM);and
InstitutoNacionaldeSáude,MinistériodaSáude,Maputo,Mozambique,
[email protected]
BudhadityaMazumdarDivisionofBiochemistry,NationalInstituteofCholera
andEntericDiseases,Kolkata700010,India,[email protected]
JohnJ.MekalanosDepartmentofMicrobiologyandMolecularGenetics,Harvard
MedicalSchool,200LongwoodAvenue,Boston,MA02115,USA,
[email protected]
JoseLuisMendezDepartmentofPublicHealth,FacultyofMedicine,Universidad
NacionalAutónomadeMéxico,MexicoCity,Mexico,[email protected]
ElenaV.MonakhovaResearchInstituteforPlagueControl,Rostov-on-Don,
Russia,[email protected]
RosarioMoralesDepartmentofPublicHealth,FacultyofMedicine,Universidad
NacionalAutónomadeMéxico,MexicoCity,Mexico,[email protected]
AsishK.MukhopadhyayNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,
Kolkata,India,[email protected]
G.BalakrishNairNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Beliaghata,
Kolkata,India,[email protected]
Contributors xi
RanjanK.NandyNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata
700010,India,[email protected]
JoeO.OundoCenterforDiseaseControlKenya,Nairobi,Kenya,
[email protected]
T.RamamurthyNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata,
India,[email protected]
AmitSarkarDepartmentofMicrobiology,BoseInstitute,Kolkata700054,India,
[email protected]
SangitaShahInfectiousDiseasesandImmunologyDivision,IndianInstituteof
ChemicalBiology,Jadavpur,Kolkata,India,[email protected]
SumioShinodaFacultyofScience,OkayamaUniversityofScience,1-1
Ridai-cho,Okayama700-0005,Japan,[email protected]
SambaSowCenterforVaccineDevelopment,Bamako,Mali,
[email protected]
ShanmugaSozhamananGenomicsDepartment,BiologicalDefenseResearch
Directorate,NavalMedicalResearchCenter,SilverSpring,MD,USA,
[email protected]
D.SurNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Kolkata,India,
[email protected]
KhalidAliSyedSouthTexasCenterforEmergingInfectiousDiseasesand
DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofTexasSanAntonio,SanAntonio,TX78249,
USA,[email protected]
YoshifumiTakedaNationalInstituteofCholeraandEntericDiseases,Beliaghata,
Kolkata,India,[email protected]
KaminiWaliaIndianCouncilofMedicalResearch,Ansarinagar,NewDelhi,
India,[email protected]
FitnatH.YildizDepartmentofEnvironmentalToxicology,Universityof
California,SantaCruz,CA,USA,[email protected]