Entrepreneurship in Theory and Practice: Paradoxes in Play, Second Edition

369 Pages·2017·15.212 MB·English

by  Suna Lowe Nielsen, Kim Klyver, Majbritt Rostgaard Evald, Torben Bager

Entrepreneurship in Theory and Practice
SECOND EDITION
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd ii 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd iiii 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
Entrepreneurship in
Theory and Practice
PARADOXES IN PLAY
SECOND EDITION
Suna Løwe Nielsen, Kim Klyver, Majbritt Rostgaard Evald
and Torben Bager
University of Southern Denmark
Case writers:
William B. Gartner, Saras Sarasvathy, Alain Fayolle, Benson Honig et al
Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd iiiiii 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
© Suna Løwe Nielsen, Kim Klyver, Majbritt Rostgaard Evald and Torben Bager 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitt ed
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the
prior permission of the publisher.
Published by
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited
Th e Lypiatt s
15 Lansdown Road
Cheltenham
Glos GL50 2JA
UK
Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
William Pratt House
9 Dewey Court
Northampton
Massachusett s 01060
USA
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016962552
ISBN 978 1 78536 445 7 (cased)
ISBN 978 1 78536 447 1 (paperback)
ISBN 978 1 78536 446 4 (eBook)
Typeset by Servis Filmsett ing Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire
2
0
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd iivv 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
Contents in brief

Preface xiv
Introduction xvii
SECTION 1: WELCOME TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1 What is entrepreneurship? 3
2 Who is the entrepreneur? 21
SECTION 2: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS
3 Emergence of opportunities 47
4 Evaluation of opportunities 67
5 Organisation of opportunities 89
6 Nascent entrepreneurship 113
SECTION 3: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL CONTENT
7 Resources 137
8 Networks 157
9 Th e business plan 179
10 Design thinking 201
SECTION 4: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL CONTEXT
11 Intrapreneurship 227
12 Social entrepreneurship 252
13 Public entrepreneurship 269
14 Entrepreneurship policy 294
15 Synthesis and recap 316
Index 325
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd vv 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd vvii 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
Full contents

Preface xiv
Introduction: the ideas behind the book xvii
Th e audience xviii
Basic concept: theory and practice in action xix
Th e chapters’ fourfold structure xx
Entrepreneurship: a world of paradoxes xxi
Th e book’s structure xxiii
SECTION 1: WELCOME TO ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1 What is entrepreneurship? 3
An elevator pitch for entrepreneurship 4
Elevator pitch for you 4
Elevator pitch for existing organisations 5
Elevator pitch for society 5
A historical fl ashback 6
Th e economic tradition 8
Th e social- psychological tradition 9
Th e emergence tradition 10
Th e opportunity tradition 11
Th e book’s starting point 12
A complementary approach 12
Central themes 14
Th e signifi cance of context 16
Th e international variation 17
Ready for departure 18
2 Who is the entrepreneur? 21
Entrepreneurship in practice 21
Case study: a taste of the French wine business 22
(Devised by Alain Fayolle)
Your immediate interpretation 25
Th eories of entrepreneurship 25
Types of entrepreneurs 26
Th e entrepreneur is born 27
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd vviiii 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
viii ·
Entrepreneurship in theory and practice
Th e entrepreneur is made 30
Entrepreneurs: born or made? 37
A theoretical interpretation 39
Th e born perspective 39
Th e made perspective 40
Testing the theory 42
SECTION 2: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS
3 Emergence of opportunities 47
Entrepreneurship in practice 47
Case study: serving the Starbucks coff ee story 47
(Devised by Saras Sarasvathy)
Your immediate interpretation 50
Th eories of entrepreneurship 51
Opportunity versus idea 51
Th e extent of intentions and capabilities 52
Types of opportunities 55
Discovering opportunities 57
Creating opportunities 60
Opportunities: discovered or created? 62
A theoretical interpretation 63
Th e discovery perspective 63
Th e creation perspective 64
Testing the theory 65
4 Evaluation of opportunities 67
Entrepreneurship in practice 67
Case study: ‘Th e sky is the limit’ 68
(Devised by the authors)
Your immediate interpretation 71
Th eories of entrepreneurship 72
What is evaluation? 73
Th e instrumental evaluation 74
Evaluation through the creation of legitimacy 79
Evaluation: instrumental or legitimate? 83
A theoretical interpretation 84
Th e instrumental perspective 84
Th e legitimacy perspective 85
Testing the theory 87
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd vviiiiii 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077
· ix
Full contents
5 Organisation of opportunities 89
Entrepreneurship in practice 89
Case study: a famous chef, ‘It just happened’ 90
(Devised by the authors)
Your immediate interpretation 93
Th eories of entrepreneurship 93
What is an organisation? 94
What does organising involve? 96
Organising is not always a success 99
Organising can be planned 101
Organising is all about improvisation 103
Organising: planning or improvisation? 107
A theoretical interpretation 108
Th e planning perspective 108
Th e improvising perspective 109
Testing the theory 110
6 Nascent entrepreneurship 113
Entrepreneurship in practice 113
Case study: ADAM: community entrepreneurship 114
(Devised by Benson Honig)
Your immediate interpretation 117
Th eories of nascent entrepreneurship 117
Entrepreneurship, self-employment and nascent
entrepreneurship 118
Institutional factors infl uencing nascent entrepreneurship 119
Individual factors infl uencing nascent entrepreneurship 120
Life events infl uencing nascent entrepreneurship 122
Hybrid entrepreneurship and freelancers 125
Th e start-up process 125
Necessity perspective of nascent entrepreneurship 128
Opportunity perspective of nascent entrepreneurship 129
Nascent entrepreneurship: necessity based or opportunity based? 130
A theoretical interpretation 131
Th e necessity perspective 131
Th e opportunity perspective 131
Testing the theory 132
SECTION 3: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL CONTENT
7 Resources 137
Entrepreneurship in practice 137
MM44221111--NNIIEELLSSEENN ((22nndd eeddiittiioonn))__tt..iinndddd iixx 2277//0044//22001177 1144::0077