Table Of ContentEnhancing
Cognitive
Functioning and
Brain Plasticity
Human Kinetics
Aging, Exercise, and
Cognition Series
VoLumE 3
Leonard W. Poon, PhD
Waneen W. Spirduso, EdD
Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, PhD
SEriES EDitorS
Enhancing
Cognitive
Functioning and
Brain Plasticity
Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, PhD
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Arthur F. Kramer, PhD
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Leonard W. Poon, PhD
University of Georgia
EDitorS
Human Kinetics
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Enhancing cognitive functioning and brain plasticity / Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko,
Arthur F. Kramer, Leonard W. Poon, editors.
p. ; cm. -- (Aging, exercise, and cognition series ; v. 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-5791-2 (hard cover)
ISBN-10: 0-7360-5791-9 (hard cover)
1. Cognition--Effect of exercise on. 2. Exercise--Psychological aspects. 3.
Neuroplasticity. 4. Cognition in old age. I. Chodzko-Zajko, Wojtek J. II.
Kramer, Arthur F. III. Poon, Leonard W., 1942- IV. Series: Aging, exercise,
and cognition series ; v. 3.
[DNLM: 1. Aging--physiology. 2. Cognition--physiology. 3. Aged. 4.
Brain--physiology. 5. Exercise. 6. Neuronal Plasticity--physiology. WT 145
E58 2009]
BF311.E54 2009
155.67'13--dc22
2009013298
ISBN-10: 0-7360-5791-9 (print) ISBN-10: 0-7360-8542-4 (Adobe PDF)
ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-5791-2 (print) ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-8542-7 (Adobe PDF)
Copyright © 2009 by Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, Arthur Kramer, and Leonard W. Poon
All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and
retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher.
Chapter 2: The Effects of the Cognitive Complexity of Occupational Conditions and Leisure-
Time Activities on the Intellectual Functioning of Older Adults by Carmi Schooler was
written as part of Ms. Schooler’s work with the National Institutes of Health and as such is
considered public domain and not subject to copyright.
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ContEntS
Contributors vii
Preface ix
ChAPtEr 1 Brain Imaging Probes Into the Cognitive
and Physiological Effects of Aging 1
Monica Fabiani and Gabriele Gratton
ChAPtEr 2 the Effects of the Cognitive Complexity
of Occupational Conditions and Leisure-time Activities
on the Intellectual Functioning of Older Adults 15
Carmi Schooler, PhD
ChAPtEr 3 Enhancing Cognitive Function in Older Adults 35
Michelle L. Meade and Denise C. Park, PhD
ChAPtEr 4 A Contextual Approach to Aging and Expertise 49
Daniel G. Morrow
ChAPtEr 5 Exercise Effects on Learning
and Neural Systems 61
Brenda J. Anderson, PhD; Daniel P. McCloskey; Nefta A. Mitchell;
and Despina A. Tata
ChAPtEr 6 Physical Activity and Neurocognitive Function
Across the Life Span 85
Charles H. Hillman, PhD; Sarah M. Buck; and Jason R. Themanson
v
Contents
ChAPtEr 7 Effects of Acute Exercise on Event-related
Brain Potentials 111
Keita Kamijo, PhD
ChAPtEr 8 Effects of hormone replacement therapy
on the Brains of Postmenopausal Women: A review
of human Neuroimaging Studies 133
Kirk I. Erickson, PhD; and Donna L. Korol
Chapter 9 Physical Activity Programming to Promote
Cognitive Function: Are We ready for Prescription? 159
Jennifer L. Etnier, PhD
references 177
index 229
About the Editors 234
vi
ContriButorS
Brenda J. Anderson, PhD Donna L. Korol
Department of Psychology and the Department of Psychology, university
Program in neuroscience, SunY of illinois at urbana-Champaign
Stony Brook
Daniel P. McCloskey
Sarah M. Buck Department of Psychology, City uni-
Department of Health, Physical Edu- versity of new York, Staten island
cation, and recreation, Chicago State
Michelle L. Meade
university Department of Psychology, montana
Kirk I. Erickson, PhD State university
Department of Psychology, university
Nefta A. Mitchell
of illinois at urbana-Champaign Department of Psychology, SunY
Jennifer L. Etnier, PhD Stony Brook
Department of Exercise and Sport
Daniel G. Morrow
Science, university of north Carolina institute of Aviation, university of
at Greensboro illinois at urbana-Champaign
Monica Fabiani Denise C. Park, PhD
Beckman institute and Psychology School of Behavioral and Brain Sci-
Department, university of illinois at ences, university of texas at Dallas
urbana-Champaign
Carmi Schooler, PhD
Gabriele Gratton national institutes of Health, Depart-
Beckman institute and Psychology ment of Health and Human Services
Department, university of illinois at
Despina A. tata
urbana-Champaign
Department of Psychology, Aristotle
Charles h. hillman, PhD university of thessaloniki
Department of Kinesiology and Com-
Jason r. themanson
munity Health, university of illinois
Department of Psychology, illinois
at urbana-Champaign
Wesleyan university
Keita Kamijo, PhD
institute for Human Science and
Biomedical Engineering, national
institute of Advanced industrial Sci-
ence and technology
vii
PrEFACE
this volume is the third of a series of edited books that examine the
complex role of exercise and physical activity in cognitive functioning
of older adults from a variety of perspectives. the first volume in the series
provided a review of exercise and cognition issues in general and sum-
marized information about the physiological mechanisms relevant to the
understanding of cognitive changes that occur among older adults (Poon,
Chodzko-Zajko, & tomporowski, 2006). the second volume addressed
mediating and moderating processes that produce individual variations in
the impact of exercise on cognition (Spirduso, Poon, & Chodzko-Zajko,
2007). this third and final volume deals with both exercise and nonexer-
cise interventions that have been shown to influence cognitive and brain
plasticity in older human and nonhuman animals. in all three volumes,
researchers and practitioners who are skilled in exercise, cognition, aging,
neurological or biological mechanisms, or more than one of these areas
came together to discuss these processes and then wrote chapters for the
volumes. it is interesting to note that few authors are experts in all domains,
and the goals of the chapters are to encourage synergy in addressing the
complex issues involved in exercise, physical activities, and cognition in
old age.
in Volume three, the first chapter by Fabiani and Gratton sets the stage
for later chapters by briefly describing theories of cognitive aging that
have, for the most part, been developed on the basis of behavioral data.
the authors then describe how a variety of complementary neuroimag-
ing measures, including event-related brain potentials, positron emission
tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and event-related
optical imaging, have been used to both test and extend theories of cog-
nitive aging. they also focus on how these neuroimaging measures have
been used to study individual differences in cognition and brain function
particularly with regard to adult aging. they conclude with a prescription
for future research that focuses on the study of adult aging from both
psychological and neuroscience perspectives.
the next three chapters focus on the influence of cognitive training,
intellectual engagement (including cognitively complex work and leisure
activities), and expertise effects on the improvement and maintenance of
selective and general aspects of cognition throughout adulthood. in the
ix
