Table Of ContentJu Ren · Ning Zhang
Xuemin (Sherman) Shen
Energy-Effi cient
Spectrum
Management for
Cognitive Radio
Sensor Networks
Energy-Efficient Spectrum Management for
Cognitive Radio Sensor Networks
Ju Ren • Ning Zhang • Xuemin (Sherman) Shen
Energy-Efficient Spectrum
Management for Cognitive
Radio Sensor Networks
123
JuRen NingZhang
SchoolofInformationScience DepartmentofElectrical
andEngineering andComputerEngineering
CentralSouthUniversity UniversityofWaterloo
Changsha,Hunan,China Waterloo,ON,Canada
Xuemin(Sherman)Shen
DepartmentofElectrical
andComputerEngineering
UniversityofWaterloo
Waterloo,ON,Canada
ISBN978-3-319-60317-9 ISBN978-3-319-60318-6 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-60318-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017943815
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Dedicatedtomywifeandparents.
—JuRen
Preface
As a promising and fundamental networking solution for data collection in the
Internet-of-Things (IoT) era, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been widely
applied in various fields and scenarios. However, due to the explosion of mobile
devices and wireless services during recent years, the unlicensed spectrum, espe-
ciallytheIndustrial,Scientific,andMedical(ISM)bands,isbecomingincreasingly
crowded. Consequently, WSNs, which are generally operating over the ISM spec-
trum bands, have to face significant and uncontrollable interference from the
overlapping wireless systems and hence to experience great network performance
degradation.ByintroducingCognitiveRadio(CR)technologyintoWSN,itbrings
anewandadvancednetworkingsolution,namedCognitiveRadioSensorNetwork
(CRSN),toaddressthespectrumscarcityproblemintheIoTera.InCRSNs,sensor
nodes can sense the availability of the licensed spectrum and opportunistically
access the vacant spectrum bands for data transmission to avoid the inter-network
interference. However, CRSN brings not only new opportunities but also new
challenges of spectrum resource management under the energy-constrained and
self-organizedmulti-hopsensornetworks.The“double-edgedsword”motivatesus
todesignenergy-efficientspectrumresourcemanagementschemesforCRSNswith
fullconsiderationoftheinherentnetworkcharacteristicsofWSNs.
In this monograph, we first introduce the architecture, benefits, and some
potential applications of CRSN, as well as the arisen challenges in the spectrum
resourcemanagementforCRSN.Then,weprovideacomprehensivereviewandin-
depthdiscussionofthestate-of-the-artresearchliteratureandproposeanintegrated
energy-efficient spectrum resource management solution for CRSNs, covering
spectrum access decision, spectrum sensing, and spectrum resource allocation.
Since the energy consumption of spectrum sensing and channel switching is
criticalforsensornodes,wefirstpresentadynamicchannelsensingandaccessing
scheme for CRSNs to determine when sensor nodes should sense and access a
licensed channel for data transmission to improve energy efficiency. Moreover, to
improvetheaccuracyandsecurityofspectrumsensing,asecureandenergy-efficient
collaborativespectrumschemeisproposedindetailtoresistSpectrumSensingData
Falsification(SSDF)attacksandenhancetheenergyefficiencyofspectrumsensing
vii
viii Preface
in CRSNs. In addition, we investigate the spectrum resource allocation problem
in energy-harvesting CRSNs and present a joint channel access and sampling rate
control scheme to maximize the network utility characterized by the sensed data
amount of sensor nodes. Finally, some potential future research directions are
envisionedtoattractcontinuousresearcheffortsinthisemergingandevolvingfield
ofstudy.
We hope that this monograph can provide some valuable insights for practical
CRSNdesignandmotivatenewideasforfutureIoTnetworking.
Changsha,China JuRen
Waterloo,ON,Canada NingZhang
Waterloo,ON,Canada Xuemin(Sherman)Shen
March2017
Acknowledgements
We would like to express our sincere thanks to the friends and colleagues at
the BroadBand Communication Research (BBCR) group, University of Waterloo,
Canada, for their invaluable comments and suggestions. Special thanks are also
due to the staff at Springer Science+Business Media: Susan Lagerstrom-Fife and
PatrickCarr,fortheirhelpthroughoutthepublicationpreparationprocess.
Theauthor,JuRen,wouldalsoliketothankhisPh.D.supervisor,Prof.Yaoxue
Zhang, for his guidance, and the group members at the Transparent Computing
Laboratory,CentralSouthUniversity,China,fortheirhelpandcontributionstothis
monograph.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................. 1
1.1 Background.............................................................. 1
1.1.1 WirelessSensorNetworks...................................... 1
1.1.2 CognitiveRadio................................................. 3
1.1.3 CognitiveRadioSensorNetworks............................. 4
1.2 ApplicationsandChallengesofCRSN ................................ 7
1.2.1 CRSNApplications............................................. 7
1.2.2 ArisenChallengesforCRSNs.................................. 8
1.3 AimandOutlineofThisBook ......................................... 10
References..................................................................... 12
2 SpectrumResourceManagementforCRSNs............................. 15
2.1 DynamicSpectrumAccessDecision................................... 15
2.2 SecureCollaborativeSpectrumSensing............................... 16
2.3 JointEnergyManagementandSpectrumResourceAllocation....... 18
2.4 Summary ................................................................ 19
References..................................................................... 20
3 DynamicandEnergy-EfficientChannelAccessinClusteredCRSNs.. 23
3.1 SystemModelandObjectiveStatement ............................... 24
3.1.1 NetworkModel ................................................. 24
3.1.2 CognitiveRadioModel......................................... 25
3.1.3 EnergyConsumptionModel ................................... 27
3.1.4 ObjectiveStatement ............................................ 28
3.2 DynamicChannelAccessforIntra-ClusterDataTransmission ...... 30
3.2.1 EnergyConsumptionAnalysis................................. 30
3.2.2 OptimalTransmissionTimeAllocation ....................... 31
3.2.3 AnalysisofChannelSensingandSwitchingDecision........ 33
3.2.4 DynamicChannelSensingandAccessingScheme........... 35
3.3 JointPowerAllocationandChannelAccessforInter-Cluster
DataTransmission ...................................................... 35
3.3.1 AnalysisofChannelSensingandSwitchingDecision........ 36
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xii Contents
3.3.2 JointTransmissionPowerandTimeAllocation............... 39
3.3.3 JointPowerAllocationandChannelAccessingScheme ..... 42
3.4 PerformanceEvaluation ................................................ 43
3.4.1 SimulationSettings............................................. 43
3.4.2 PerformanceofIntra-ClusterDataTransmission ............. 44
3.4.3 PerformanceofInter-ClusterDataTransmission ............. 45
3.4.4 ImpactsofSystemParameters ................................. 47
3.5 Summary ................................................................ 48
References..................................................................... 49
4 SecureandEnergy-EfficientCollaborativeSpectrumSensing ......... 51
4.1 SystemModelandDesignGoals....................................... 53
4.1.1 NetworkModel ................................................. 53
4.1.2 ChannelSensingModelandDecisionRule................... 54
4.1.3 AttackModel.................................................... 55
4.1.4 EnergyConsumptionModel ................................... 57
4.1.5 DesignGoals.................................................... 58
4.2 AnalysisonTrade-OffBetweenSecurityandEnergy-Efficiency .... 58
4.2.1 AttackImpactAnalysis......................................... 59
4.2.2 SecurityandEnergy-EfficiencyTrade-Off .................... 61
4.3 FastDtec: Trust Evaluation for Fast Compromised Node
Identification ............................................................ 63
4.3.1 TrustEvaluationDesign........................................ 63
4.3.2 AnalysisonOptimalDetectionThreshold..................... 65
4.3.3 TheProposedFastDtecScheme ............................... 68
4.4 SecureandEnergy-EfficientCollaborativeSpectrumSensing ....... 69
4.4.1 TheProposedScheme.......................................... 69
4.4.2 FurtherDiscussion.............................................. 69
4.5 PerformanceEvaluation ................................................ 71
4.5.1 SimulationSettings............................................. 71
4.5.2 AttackImpactsEvaluation ..................................... 73
4.5.3 PerformanceoftheProposedScheme......................... 77
4.6 Summary ................................................................ 77
References..................................................................... 78
5 JointChannelAllocationandSamplingRateControlinEH-CRSNs . 81
5.1 SystemModelandProblemFormulation.............................. 82
5.1.1 NetworkModel ................................................. 82
5.1.2 CommunicationLinkModel................................... 85
5.1.3 EnergyHarvestingandConsumptionModel.................. 85
5.1.4 ChannelInterferenceModel.................................... 86
5.1.5 ProblemFormulation........................................... 87
5.2 ProblemDecompositionandSolution ................................. 88
5.2.1 ProblemDecompositionandDualProblem................... 88
5.2.2 SubgradientMethodforSolvingDualProblem............... 91
