Encyclopedia of Language and National Identity in Africa

382 Pages·2008·4.09 MB·English

by  Andrew Simpson

Language and National Identity in Africa
alsoeditedbyAndrewSimpsonandpublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress
LanguageandNationalIdentityinAsia
Language and National
Identity in Africa
editedby
ANDREW SIMPSON
1
3
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Contents
ListofMaps vii
NotesonContributors viii
1 Introduction 1
AndrewSimpson
2 Egypt:FromEgyptiantoPan-ArabNationalism 26
YasirSuleiman
3 Morocco:Language,Nationalism,andGender 44
MohaEnnajiandFatimaSadiqi
4 Sudan:Majorities,Minorities,andLanguageInteractions 61
WendyJames
5 Senegal:TheEmergenceofaNationalLinguaFranca 79
FionaMcLaughlin
6 Mali:InDefenceofCulturalandLinguisticPluralism 98
IngseSkattum
7 SierraLeone:KrioandtheQuestforNationalIntegration 122
B.AkíntúndéOyètádéandVictorFasholeLuke
8 Ghana:IndigenousLanguages,English,andanEmerging
NationalIdentity 141
AkosuaAnyidohoandM.E.KroppDakubu
9 IvoryCoast:TheSupremacyofFrench 158
AnneMosengKnutsen
10 Nigeria:Ethno-linguisticCompetitionintheGiantofAfrica 172
AndrewSimpsonandB.AkíntúndéOyètádé
11 Cameroon:OfficialBilingualisminaMultilingualState 199
EdmondBiloaandGeorgeEchu
12 D.R.Congo:Languageand‘AuthenticNationalism’ 214
EyambaG.Bokamba
13 Kenya:LanguageandtheSearchforaCoherentNationalIdentity 235
ChegeGithiora
14 Tanzania:TheDevelopmentofSwahiliasaNationaland
OfficialLanguage 252
FaroukTopan
vi Contents
15 TheHornofAfrica:Ethiopia,Eritrea,Djibouti,andSomalia 267
DavidAppleyardandMartinOrwin
16 Zambia:‘OneZambia,OneNation,ManyLanguages’ 291
LutzMartenandNancyC.Kula
17 SouthAfrica:TheRockyRoadtoNationBuilding 314
RajendMesthrie
References 339
Index 363
List of Maps
Africa xiv
Egypt 27
Morocco 46
Sudan 63
Senegal 82
Mali 99
SierraLeone 124
Ghana 142
IvoryCoast 160
Nigeria 174
Cameroon 201
D.R.Congo 215
Kenya 238
Tanzania 253
Ethiopia 270
Eritrea 281
SomaliaandDjibouti 284
Zambia 292
SouthAfrica 316
Notes on Contributors
AKOSUAANYIDOHOhasaPhDinForeignLanguageEducationfromtheUniversityofTexasat
Austin,andhastaughtformanyyearsintheDepartmentofLinguistics,UniversityofGhana,
Legon,whereshewastheHeadfrom2000to2002.Sheisstillassociatedwiththatinstitution
afterherretirement,supervisinggraduatestudents’dissertations.Herresearchinterestsinclude
second language teaching and learning, language in education, and women’s oral culture in
Africa.Shehaspublishedmanyarticlesinthesefields.ShecurrentlyworksastheDirectorof
NewYorkUniversity’sstudyabroadprogrammeinGhana.
DAVID APPLEYARD is Professor Emeritus of the Languages of the Horn of Africa at SOAS
(SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies)intheUniversityofLondon,wherehetaughtAmharic
andanumberofotherHornofAfricalanguages,aswellasvariousaspectsofEthiopianStudies,
from1975untilhisretirementin2006.Hisresearchinterestscoverawiderangeoflanguages
and linguistic issues of the region, but focus especially on the typological, comparative, and
historicallinguisticsofEthiopianSemiticandCushiticlanguages.Hehaswrittenextensively
in these fields, and his major publications include EthiopianManuscripts (1993), the textbook
Colloquial Amharic (1995), and A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages (2006). He is
currently a member of the international advisory and editorial board of the Encyclopaedia
Aethiopica.
EDMONDBILOAisProfessorandChairoftheDepartmentofAfricanLanguagesandLinguistics
intheUniversityofYaoundéIinCameroon.HisteachinginterestsincludeFrenchlinguistics,
generativesyntax,andpsycholinguistics.HeistheauthorofFunctionalCategoriesandtheSyntax
ofFocusinTuki(Munich:LincomEuropa1995);Syntaxegénérative.Lathéoriedesprincipesetdes
paramètres(Munich:LincomEuropa1998);LalanguefrançaiseauCameroun(Bern:PeterLang
2003);Coursdelinguistiquecontemporaine(Munich:LincomEuropa2004),Grammairegénérative.
LathéorieminimalistedeNoamChomsky(Yaoundé:CameroonUniversityPress2004);Lefrançais
encontactavecl’anglaisauCameroun(Munich:LincomEuropa2006).Hehaspublishedarticles
onthelinguisticsandsociolinguisticsoftheFrenchlanguageinCameroon,onthesyntaxof
Africanlanguages,andontheacquisitionofFrench.
EYAMBAG.BOKAMBAisProfessorofLinguisticsandAfricanLanguagesintheDepartmentof
LinguisticsattheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaignwherehehasservedsince1974ina
varietyofadministrativepositions.InitiallytrainedasaBantusyntacticianatIndianaUniversity
where he earned his PhD in 1976, he developed a secondary interest in sociolinguistics and
has pursued research into multilingualism, in particular including language policies vis-à-vis
education in Africa, language variation, and code-switching. He has published extensively
in these areas, on Bantu syntax, and on African language pedagogical materials, with his
latest publication (co-authored with his spouse) being TósololanaLingála:AMultidimensional
ApproachtotheTeachingandLearningofLingálaasaForeignLanguage(NALRCPress,University
ofWisconsin-Madison,2004).Heiscurrentlyworkingontheproductionofasociolinguistic
NotesonContributors ix
bookentitledMultilingualisminSub-SaharanAfrica,whichwillrepresenttheculminationofhis
researchinthisarea.
MARY ESTHER KROPP DAKUBU is a Professor in the Institute of African Studies of the Uni-
versity of Ghana, where she has been on the staff since 1964. Her research is centred on
the Niger-Congo languages, especially Kwa and Gur. She is the author of Dagaare Grammar
(Legon:InstituteofAfricanStudies2005);GaPhonology(Legon:IAS2002);Ga–EnglishDictionary
withEnglish–GaIndex(Accra:BlackMaskPublishers2002);KorleMeetstheSea,aSociolinguistic
HistoryofAccra(NewYorkandOxford:OUP1997);TheDangmeLanguage:AnIntroductoryStudy
(London /Accra: Macmillan /Unimax 1987); and OneVoice:TheLinguisticCultureofanAccra
Lineage(Leiden:AfricanStudiesCentre1981).SheeditedandwasamajorcontributortoThe
LanguagesofGhana(London:KeganPaulInternationalLtd.1988).
GEORGEECHUisAssociateProfessorofFrenchandLinguisticsandHeadoftheDepartment
ofBilingualStudiesintheUniversityofYaoundéIinCameroon.Histeachinginterestsinclude
Frenchlinguistics,sociolinguistics,contrastivelinguistics,andtranslation.HewasSeniorFul-
brightScholaratIndianaUniversityBloomingtonfromAugust2002toMay2003.Intheareaof
research,hehaspublishedseveralarticlesandco-editedthefollowingbooks:OfficialBilingualism
andLinguisticCommunicationinCameroon(NewYork:PeterLang1999);andAfricaMeetsEurope:
LanguageContactinWestAfrica(NewYork:NovaSciencePublishers2004).
MOHA ENNAJI holds a PhD from the University of Essex in Linguistics (1982). He is Full
ProfessorattheFacultyofLetters,UniversityofFez,wherehewasChairoftheEnglishDepart-
ment from 1988 to 1994. He is currently the Director of the international journal Languages
and Linguistics, published in Morocco under his supervision since 1998. Professor Ennaji is
the author and/or editor of numerous books and articles on language, culture, and society.
Hismostrecentbooksare:Multilingualism,CulturalIdentity,andEducationinMorocco(Springer
2005);AGrammarofAmazigh(2004)co-authoredwithFatimaSadiqi;andAGrammarofMoroccan
Arabic(2004)(co-authoredwithA.Makhoukh,H.Saidi,M.Moubtassime,andS.Slaoui).His
mostrecentarticlesare:‘TheArabWorld(MaghrebandNearEast)’,inHandbookofLanguage
andEthnicIdentity,editedbyProfessorJoshuaFishman(OUP1999),and‘LanguageContact,
Arabization Policy and Education in Morocco’, in Language Contact and Language Conflict in
Arabic,editedbyAleyaRoushdy(Curzon2002).
CHEGE GITHIORA is primarily engaged in descriptive studies of east African languages and
linguistics.HehaspublishedonG˜ıku˜yu˜ morphosyntaxandorthography,Swahililexicography,
andoncultureandidentityoftheAfricanDiasporainLatinAmerica.HeisauthorofDiccionario
Swahili–Español(ElColegiodeMexico2002)andco-editor(withManfrediandLittlefield)of
Trends in African Linguistics Vol VI (Africa World Press 2004). His other interests are in the
dynamicsoflanguageinsociety,andhismostrecentresearchandpublicationisonmultilingual-
ismandsocialstratificationoflanguageinNairobicity.AgraduateofMichiganStateUniversity,
hetaughtSwahiliatElColegiodeMexico,andatBostonUniversity(1998–2000).Heiscur-
rentlylecturerinSwahiliattheUniversityofLondon’sSchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies
(SOAS).
WENDYJAMESisProfessorofSocialAnthropologyintheUniversityofOxford,andaFellowof
theBritishAcademy. ShehastaughtintheUniversityofKhartoumandcarriedoutresearchin