Encyclopedia of Journalism

2551 Pages·2009·72.4 MB·English

by  Christopher H. Sterling

Encyclopedia of
JOURNALISM
Editorial Board
General Editor
Christopher H. Sterling
The George Washington University
Advisory Board Members
Maurine Beasley Philip Meyer
University of Maryland University of North Carolina
Diane Borden Christine Ogan
San Diego State University Indiana University
Donald Browne Tom Rosenstiel
University of Minnesota Project for Excellence in Journalism
Robert Entman
Janet Steele
The George Washington University
The George Washington University
James Ettema
Robert Trager
Northwestern University
University of Colorado
Mark Feldstein
Silvio Waisbord
The George Washington University
The George Washington University

Stephen Hess
Brookings Institution and The George D. Charles Whitney
Washington University University of California, Riverside

James Hoyt Barbie Zelizer
University of Wisconsin University of Pennsylvania
Encyclopedia of
JOURNALISM
Christopher H. Sterling
School of Media and Public Affairs, The George Washington University
General Editor
Copyright © 2009 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of journalism/general editor, Christopher H. Sterling.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7619-2957-4 (cloth: set, vols. 1-6)
1. Journalism—Encyclopedias. I. Sterling, Christopher H., 1943-PN4728.E48 2009
070.403—dc22 2009015074
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
SAGE REfEREncE MTM PUBLISHInG
Publisher: Rolf A. Janke (Project Development, Editing, and Management,
Assistant to the Publisher: Michele Thompson New York City)
Production Editor: Tracy Buyan Publisher: Valerie Tomaselli
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Project Editors: Tim Anderson, Hilary Poole
Proofreaders: Wendy Jo Dymond, Andrea Martin Project Coordinator: Zach Gajewski
Indexer: Julie Sherman Grayson
Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya
Marketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay
contents
List of Entries xi
Reader’s Guide xvii
About the General Editor xxiii
About the Key Doc u m e n t s E d i t o r xxiv
Contributors xxv
Introduction xxxi
K e y Documents Introduction xxxiii
Entries
A 1 M 863
B 151 N 927
C 235 O 1025
D 387 P 1037
E 467 Q 1173
F 567 R 1179
G 653 S 1239
H 687 T 1361
I 733 U 1411
J 809 V 1423
K 821 W 1433
L 825
Key Documents 1473
Appendix A. Journalism Awards and Prizes 1871
Appendix B. Journalism Freedom: 1980–2008 (Country Ratings From Freedom House) 1907
Appendix C. Journalism: A Guide to Recent Literature 2105
Index I-1
Key Documents
About the Editor xxiv
Introduction xxxiii
Section I. Journalism, Media, and the Law 1473
Section I Introduction 1474
constitutional Amendments
Bill of Rights (1791) 1475
Antigovernment Issues and national Security
The Alien and Sedition Acts (July 14, 1798) 1477
clear and Present Danger Speech
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)—Includes Brandenburg Incitement Test 1484
Prior Restraint
Near v. Minnesota (1931)—Upheld prior restraint principal 1487
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)—Pentagon Papers case
majority opinion and Justice Brennan concurring 1497
Libel Issues
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)—Raised bar to
“actual malice” in defamation charges 1501
Ollman v. Evans (1979)—“Ollman Test” separates fact from fiction in libel cases 1515
Privacy Protection
The Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)—Story topic not person named
determines “public interest” 1518
Access to Public Records
Freedom of Information Act Guide (May 2004) 1525
Reporter’s Privilege to Withhold Information
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)—“Branzburg Test” determines reporter’s privilege
to withhold information/confidential sources—majority opinion and Justice
Stewart landmark dissent 1529
Intellectual Property Protection
Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003)—Allowed extension of copyright period 1549
New York Times Co., Inc., et al. v. Tasini et al. (2001)—Established that online
publication rights are retained/held separately by writer from print rights 1559
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (1998)—Brings Internet and digital
media into copyright law 1567
Regulating Electronic Media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)—Court upheld FCC ruling
requiring stations to offer free time to people attacked on air 1578
Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States, et al., Appellants v. American
Civil Liberties Union et al. (1997)—Established First Amendment protection
for the Internet that surpasses broadcast and at least equals print 1589
further Readings 1603
Section II. codes of Ethics/newsroom Policies and Standards 1605
Section II Introduction 1608
General Professional Associations
Introduction 1608
Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ)—Code of Ethics 1609
National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ)—Code of Ethics 1610
National Association of Hispanic Journalists (NAHJ)—Code of Ethics 1612
Coalition of Journalists for Open Government—Principles 1613
National Lesbian and Gay Journalists Association (NLGJA)—
Fourteen Steps to Fairness: A Model of Parity in the Journalism Workplace 1616
General Broadcast Organizations
Introduction 1617
Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA)—Code of Ethics and
Professional Conduct 1618
National Public Radio (NPR) News—Code of Ethics and Practices 1620
International Association of Broadcast Monitors (IABM)—Code of Ethics 1629
Association of Independents in Radio (AIR)—Code of Fair Practices 1629
Print Organizations
Introduction 1633
American Society of News Editors (ASNE)—Statement
of Principles 1633
American Society of Magazine Editors (ASME)—Guidelines for
Editors and Publishers 1633
The New York Times Company—Policy on Ethics in Journalism 1636
Hearst Newspapers—Statement of Professional Principles 1651
The Washington Post—Standards and Ethics 1652
news Wire Services
Introduction 1655
The Associated Press—Statement of News Values and Principles 1655
Dow Jones—Code of Ethics 1664
Thomson Reuters—Editorial Policy 1668
Interactive Media Organizations
Introduction 1670
CyberJournalist.net—A Bloggers’ Code of Ethics 1671
Poynter Institute—Online Journalism Ethics: Guidelines from the Conference 1671
Reporting Specializations
Business Reporting: Introduction 1675
American Business Media (ABM)—Editorial Code of Ethics 1676
Society of American Business Editors and Writers, Inc. (SABEW)—Code of Ethics 1678
Health, Medical, and Science Reporting: Introduction 1680
Association of Health Care Journalists (AHCJ)—Statement of Principles 1681
National Association of Medical Communicators (NAMC)—Code of Ethics 1684
National Association of Science Writers (NASW)—Code of Ethics 1685
Education Reporting: Introduction 1686
Education Writers Association (EWA)—Standards for Education Reporters 1686
Photojournalism: Introduction 1694
Committee of Concerned Journalists (CCJ)—Photojournalism Ethics Guidelines 1695
National Press Photographers Association (NPPA)—Code of Ethics 1697
Sports Reporting: Introduction 1699
Associated Press Sports Editors (APSE)—Ethics Guidelines 1699
Food Reporting: Introduction 1701
Association of Food Journalists (AFJ)—Code of Ethics 1701
further Readings 1703
Section III. Journalism Education: Preparation for change 1705
Section III Introduction 1706
Accreditation Standards in Journalism Education
Introduction 1707
Accrediting Council on Education in Journalism and
Mass Communications (ACEJMC)—Accrediting Standards 1707
Schools of Journalism: Values and curriculum
Introduction 1714
University of California, Berkeley, Graduate School of Journalism—
Goals Statement and Journalism Graduate Degree Curriculum 1715
Columbia University, The Journalism School—Mission Statement and
Journalism Graduate Degree Curricula 1717
University of Georgia, The Grady College—Mission Statement and
Journalism Graduate Degree Curriculum 1717
University of Kansas, William Allen White School of Journalism and Mass
Communications—Mission Statement and Journalism Graduate Degree Curriculum 1721
University of Missouri–Columbia, Missouri, School of Journalism—Mission Statement
and Two-Year Master’s Program Handbook—Curricular Models (2006–2007) 1723
Northwestern University, Medill School of Journalism—Values Statement and
Graduate Degree Requirements 1750
Ohio University, E. W. Scripps School of Journalism—Mission Statement and
Master’s of Science in Journalism Curriculum 1751
University of Oregon, School of Journalism and Communication—
Mission Statement and Master’s Programs Curricula 1752
University of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication—
Mission Statement and Master’s Degree in Journalism Requirements 1772
Journalism White Papers on changes in Education and Media
Pulitzer, Joseph. 1904. “The College of Journalism.”
North American Review, no. 570: 641–680. 1774
Carnegie Corporation of New York. Improving the Education of Tomorrow’s
Journalists. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 2005. 1796
Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania/Geneva
Overholser—“On Behalf of Journalism: A Manifesto for Change” 1802
further Readings 1805
Section IV. Data on the Status and Practice of Journalism 1807
Section IV Introduction 1808
Audience Research
The Pew Research Center Biennial News Consumption Survey: Overview (2008) 1810
The Radio-Television News Directors Foundation (RTNDF)/Ford Foundation—
Future of the News Survey (2006): Executive Summary 1815
The Magazine Publishers of America—The Magazine Handbook
2009–2010: Magazine Reach and Reader Characteristics 1830
Public Opinion
Project for Excellence in Journalism—State of the News Media 2008: Public
Attitudes 1823
Internet Impact on Media
The Magazine Publishers of America—The Magazine Handbook
2009–2010: Magazine Readership, Numbers of Titles, and Website Growth 1830
The Pew Research Center 2008 Journalist Survey: Summary of Findings 1834
newsroom Diversity
American Society of News Editors—The Newsroom Employment Census (2008) 1838
Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA)/Hofstra University—
Annual Women and Minorities Survey 2008 (RTNDA Communicator) 1841
Journalism Employment/careers
Radio-Television News Directors Association/Hofstra University Survey—
The Real Story of TV News Staffing and Other Numbers for TV and Radio in 2008 1850
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor—Occupational Outlook
Handbook, 2008–09 Edition: News Analysts, Reporters, and Correspondents 1862
Key Trends in Journalism
Project for Excellence in Journalism—State of the News Media 2008:
Overview of Major Trends 1867
further Readings 1870