Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry

2169 Pages·2014·13.87 MB·English

by  Gerhard Kreysa

Gerhard Kreysa
Ken-ichiro Ota
Robert Savinell
Editors
Encyclopedia
of Applied
Electrochemistry
1 3
Reference
Encyclopedia of
Applied Electrochemistry

Gerhard Kreysa (cid:129) Ken-ichiro Ota
Robert F. Savinell
Editors
Encyclopedia of
Applied Electrochemistry
With1250Figuresand122Tables
Editors
GerhardKreysa RobertF.Savinell
Eppstein,Germany CaseWesternReserveUniversity
Cleveland,OH,USA
Ken-ichiroOta
YokohamaNationalUniversity,Fac.
Engineering
Yokohama,Japan
ISBN978-1-4419-6995-8 978-1-4419-6996-5(eBook)
ISBNBundle978-1-4419-6997-2(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014934571
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2014
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Preface
Electrochemistry provides the opportunity to run chemical redox reactions
directly with electrons as reaction partners and against the free energy
gradientviaexternalelectricalenergyinputintothereactionsystem.Italso
servesasawaytoefficientlygenerateenergyfromstoredenergyinchemical
bonds. Applied electrochemistry has been the basis for many industrial
processesrangingfrommetalsrecoveryandpurificationtochemicalsynthe-
sis and separations since the latter half of the 1800s when large-scale elec-
tricity generation became possible. Electrochemical processes have a large
impactonenergyasithasbeenestimatedthattheseprocessesconsumeabout
6–10%oftheworld’selectricitygenerationcapacity.Appliedelectrochem-
istryisnowimpactingindustryandsocietymoreandmorewithtechnologies
for waste water treatment, efficient chemical separation, andenvironmental
sensingandremediation.Electrochemistryisthefoundationforelectrochem-
ical energy storage by batteries and electrochemical capacitors and energy
conversionbyfuelcellsandsolarcells.Infact,appliedelectrochemistrywill
playamajorroleintheworld’sabilitytoharnessanduserenewableenergy
sources.Electrochemistryisalsofundamentaltobiologicalcelltransportand
manyaspectsoflivingsystemsandtheiractivities.Itisexploitedforusein
medicaldiagnosticstodetectabnormalitiesandinbiomedicalengineeringto
relievepainanddeliverfunction.
Theapplicationofelectrochemistryinvolvesnotjustafundamentalunder-
standing of the sciences, but also applying engineering principles to device
and technology design by considering mass and energy balances, transport
processes in the electrolyte and at electrode interfaces, and multi-scale
modeling and simulation for predicting and optimizing performance. The
interaction of the interfacial reactions, the transport driving forces, and the
electric field defines the field of electrochemical engineering. The under-
standingofthescientificandengineeringprinciplesofelectrochemicalsys-
tems has driven advances in the application of electrochemistry especially
duringthelasthalfcentury.
ThepurposeofthiscollectionistosummarizetheA–Zoftheapplication
of electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering for use by
electrochemists and electrochemical engineers as well as nonspecialists
suchasengineersandscientistsofalldisciplines,economists,students,and
even politicians. Electrochemical fundamentals, electrochemical processes
and technologies, and electrochemical techniques are described by many
v
vi Preface
expertsintheirfieldsfromaroundtheworld,manyfromindustry.Eachentry
ismeanttobeanintroductionandalsogivesreferencesforfurtherstudy.With
thiscollection,wehopethatcurrenttechnologyandoperatingpracticescan
be made available for future generations to learn from. We hope that this
encyclopediawillstimulateunderstandingofthecurrentstateoftheartand
leadtoadvancesinnewandmoreefficienttechnologieswithbreakthroughs
fromnewtheoryandmaterials.Wehopeyoufinditofvaluetoyourwork.
GerhardKreysa
Ken-ichiroOta
RobertF.Savinell
Editors-in-Chief
Acknowledgments
TheEditors-in-Chiefwouldliketoacknowledgethebackingoftheirinstitu-
tions in supporting this work. Specifically we want to thank the Technical
University of Dortmund (GK), Yokohama National University (KO), and
Case Western ReserveUniversity (RFS). We also wanttothankthe topical
editors and authors; it is because of their dedication to their fields and hard
work that this collection was possible. We thank our families for their
understanding of the importance of this project to us and our profession.
Finally, we want to thank the editorial staff of Springer, especially Barbara
WolfwhoworkedlongandhardonthisprojectandKennethHowellspecif-
icallyforencouragingustoembarkonthisprojectandnudgingusalong.
vii

About the Editors
Prof.Dr.rer.nat.Dr.-Ing.E.h.Dr.tekn.h.c.GerhardKreysaRetiredChief
ExecutiveofDECHEMAe.V.
Gerhard Kreysa was born in 1945 in Dresden. He studied chemistry at
the University of Dresden and received his Ph.D. in 1970. In 1973, he
joined the Karl Winnacker Institute of DECHEMA in Frankfurt am
Main. He developed new concepts for the utilization of three-dimensional
electrodes, which became prominent for electrochemical waste water treat-
ment in the process industry. He also played a leading role in the
clarification ofthe "cold fusion" affaire in1989. In1985,hewas appointed
as professor in the Chemical Engineering Department at the University of
Dortmund.In1993,hewasappointedashonoraryprofessorattheUniversity
of Regensburg. From 1985 to 1995, he served as executive editorial board
memberoftheJournalofAppliedElectrochemistry.Hewasarecipientofthe
Chemviron Award in 1980, the Max-Buchner-Research-Award of
DECHEMA and the Castner Medal of the Society of Chemical Industry in
1994,andtheWilhelmOstwaldMedaloftheSaxonAcademyofSciencesin
Leipzigin2006.
From1992to2009,Dr.KreysaservedaschiefexecutiveofDECHEMA
SocietyofChemicalEngineeringandBiotechnologyinFrankfurtamMain,
Germany. During this time he also served as general secretary of the Euro-
pean Federation of Chemical Engineering and the European Federation of
Biotechnology. He obtained many distinctions: Honorary doctor degrees of
TechnicalUniversityofClausthalandoftheRoyalInstituteofTechnologyin
Stockholm,ForeignMemberoftheRoyalSwedishAcademyofEngineering
Sciences, elected honorary fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers,
andhonorarymemberoftheCzechSocietyofChemicalEngineering.In2007
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