Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook Volume 2: South America

618 Pages·2005·1.68 MB·English

by  Dieter Nohlen

ELECTIONSINTHEAMERICAS
ADATAHANDBOOK
Elections in the Americas continues the series of election data handbooks
published by Oxford University Press. Together with Elections in Asia and
the Pacific and Elections in Africa, this is a highly reliable resource for
historicalandcross-nationalcomparisonsofelectionsandelectoralsystems
world-wide.
Elections in the Americas
A Data Handbook
VOLUME II
South America
Editedby
DIETER NOHLEN
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Preface
This two-volume work is the third installment in the series of election
data handbooks published by Oxford University Press. Five years after
the publication of the first title, Elections in Africa and three years after
the publication of Elections in Asia and the Pacific, I now present the
first compendium of electoral data that includes all American countries,
from the introduction of universal male suffrage to the present day. The
final part of the series Elections Worldwide, covering elections in
Europe, is currently underway.
The basic idea of these handbooks—systematic and historically com-
plete documentation of elections in all countries worldwide—is almost
40 years old. The idea was born in the early 1960s, when Dolf Sternber-
ger and Bernhard Vogel embarked on an extensive research project on
the election of parliaments at the University of Heidelberg (Wahl der
Parlamente und anderer Staatsorgane). Since then, several research pro-
jects on elections and electoral systems have been carried out in Heidel-
berg, including empirical and theoretical publications covering the entire
world. In 1978 a voluminous work on Africa was published under the
subtitle Politische Organisation und Repräsentation in Afrika (Political
Organization and Representation in Africa). In the same year I finished
Wahlsysteme der Welt (Electoral Systems of the World), internationally
better known in its Spanish version (Sistemas electorales del mundo,
1981). In the late 1980s an international research team under my directi-
on began working on parliamentary and presidential elections in Latin
America and the Caribbean. The main result concerning electoral data
was published in 1993 in German (Handbuch der Wahldaten Latein-
amerikas und der Karibik) and in Spanish (Enciclopedia Electoral Lati-
noamericana y del Caribe). A new project on elections and
democratization in Africa and Latin America started in 1996. This pro-
ject provided an ideal framework to revive the old idea of a worldwide
compendium of electoral data.
The first book in this new series was Elections in Africa (1999), edi-
ted by Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich, and Bernhard Thibaut, fol-
lowed by Elections in Asia and the Pacific (2001), edited by Dieter
Nohlen, Florian Grotz, and Christof Hartmann.
Elections in the Americas is based on our previous work Handbuch
der Wahldaten. But even so, most of the articles required a lot of time
and energy in their elaboration: Collecting the relevant information, fit-
vi
ting the quantitative and qualitative data into a strict series of guidelines
and often recalculating national data according to our standards. The
editorial team demanded a great deal of patience from the authors, who
had to answer never-ending questions. Such a work produces an appa-
rently paradoxical outcome: the more time spent on enhancing an article,
the clearer and simpler it finally appears to the reader.
I am deeply grateful to the 31 contributors from more then ten diffe-
rent countries for their cooperation, patience, and encouragement. We
have learnt a lot from them in these three years and their empathy with
this project has become a decisive stimulus for us.
I am also especially grateful to those individuals and organizations
that made this book possible. First of all, I owe much to my editorial
team in Heidelberg: Matthias Catón, Philip Stöver, and Matthias Trefs
have tirelessly edited the articles and collected and standardized the re-
levant information. Katrin Falk, Julia Leininger, Arthur Mickoleit, Flori-
an Rehli, and Johannes Schwehm helped in different phases of the
project and Dominique Le Cocq provided most valuable help in revising
the English version.
I would also like to thank the Institut für Politische Wissenschaft (In-
stitute of Political Science) at the University of Heidelberg for accom-
modating the project, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems
(IFES) in Washington, the Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Huma-
nos (IIDH; Inter-American Institute for Human Rights) in Costa Rica,
especially its Center for Electoral Assistance and Promotion (CAPEL),
and the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
(IDEA) in Stockholm. I am also indebted to the Deutsche Forschungs-
gemeinschaft (DFG; German Research Foundation), which supported
the production of the typescript financially.
Finally, I thank Dominic Byatt and Claire Croft at Oxford University
Press for their encouragement and professional support. Working with
them has been a pleasure.
Heidelberg, February 2005 Dieter Nohlen
Contents
Notes on the Editor and Contributors. ....................................................ix
Technical Notes.................................................................................... xiii
Elections and Electoral Systems in the Americas (D. Nohlen) ................1
Argentina (M. P. Jones/ M. Lauga/ M. León-Roesch) ...........................59
Bolivia (J. Lazarte R.) ..........................................................................123
Brazil (B. Lamounier/ O. Amorim Neto).............................................163
Chile (D. Nohlen).................................................................................253
Colombia (J. Jaramillo/ B. Franco-Cuervo) .........................................295
Ecuador (D. Nohlen/ S. Pachano).........................................................365
Paraguay (M. León-Roesch/ R. Ortiz Ortiz).........................................411
Peru (F. Tuesta Soldevilla)...................................................................445
Uruguay (D. Nohlen)............................................................................487
Venezuela (J. Molina/ B. Thibaut) .......................................................535
Glossary ...............................................................................................593
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Notes on the Editor and Contributors
Editor
DIETER NOHLEN is professor of political science at the University of
Heidelberg and a well-known expert on electoral systems, political de-
velopment, and democratization with a focus on Latin America. He re-
ceived the Max Planck prize for internationally outstanding research in
1991, and the University of Augsburg prize for research on Spain and
Latin America in 2000. His numerous books include Wahlsysteme der
Welt (1978; Spanish edn. 1981), Elections and Electoral Systems (1996),
Wahlrecht und Parteiensystem (4th edn. 2004), Sistemas electorales y
partidos politicos (3rd edn. 2004). He is editor of a seven-volume ency-
clopedia Lexikon der Politik (1992–1998), and co-editor of Tratado de
Derecho Electoral Comparado de América Latina (1998; 2nd edn.
2005) as well as of an eight-volume Handbook of the Third World (3rd
edn. 1991–1994), and a two volume encyclopedia of political science,
Lexikon der Politikwissenschaft (2nd edn. 2004, Spanish edn. 2005).
[E-mail: [email protected]]
Contributors
OCTAVIO AMORIM NETO received his Ph.D. in political science from the
University of California at San Diego and is currently assistant professor
of political science at the Graduate School of Economics at the Getulio
Vargas Foundation at Rio de Janeiro. His publications have appeared in
the American Journal of Political Science, Latin American Politics and
Society, Legislative Studies Quarterly, Party Politics and World Politics.
[E-Mail: [email protected]]
BEATRIZ FRANCO CUERVO is a political scientist and holds a Ph.D. from
the University of Heidelberg. She is currently working as a lecturer and
researcher at the Faculty of Politics and Government of the Universidad
del Rosario in Bogota, Colombia. [E-mail: [email protected]]