Ecology and Conservation of Fishes

562 Pages·2011·11.563 MB·English

by  Tyus, Harold M

Environmental Science
Tyus Ecology and
Written as a stand-alone textbook for students and a useful reference for professionals
in government and private agencies, academic institutions, and consultants, Ecology E
and Conservation of Fishes provides broad, comprehensive, and systematic coverage of
Conservation of Fishes
all aquatic systems from the mountains to the oceans. The book begins with overview c
discussions on the ecology, evolution, and diversity of fishes. It moves on to address o
freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems and identifies factors that affect the l
distribution and abundance of fishes. It then examines the adaptations of fishes as a o
response to constraints posed in ecosystems. The book concludes with four chapters on g
applied ecology that discuss the critical issues of management, conservation, biodiversity
y
crises, and climate change.

a
Features:
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• Considers the role of fishes in the structure and function of freshwater, estuarine,
d
and marine ecosystems

• Discusses major changes in aquatic systems due to human impacts C
• Provides in-depth coverage of the causes of the increasing number of endangered
o
species in freshwater systems and declines of commercial fisheries in marine systems
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• Presents case studies from all major aquatic systems to reinforce concepts
s
• Includes a 16-page, full-color insert consisting of 141 figures
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• Offers an “Ecological Concepts” section in appropriate chapters to encourage students
r
to apply theoretical concepts to real-world situations
v
• Contains a Glossary, a Lexicon of Greek and Latin Word Roots, and an Appendix on a
Fish Identification to help students master the text material
t
i
o
Major marine fisheries have collapsed, and there are worldwide declines in freshwater fish
n
populations. Fishery scientists and managers must become more effective at understanding
and dealing with resource issues. If not, fish species, communities, and entire ecosystems
o
will continue to decline as habitats change and species are lost. Ecology and Conservation
of Fishes has taken a historical and functional approach to explain how we got where we f
are, providing old and new with a better foundation as ecologists and conservationists, and
F
most importantly, it awakens senses of purpose and need. Past management practices are
reviewed, present programs are considered, and the need for incorporating principles of i
s
applied ecology in future practices is emphasized.
h
e
K12722
s Harold M. Tyus
ISBN: 978-1-4398-5854-7
90000
www.crcpress.com
9 781439 858547
www.crcpress.com
K12722_COVER_final.indd 1 9/20/11 5:35 PM
Ecology and
Conservation of Fishes

Ecology and
Conservation of Fishes
HAROLD M. TYUS
Cover: Center photo of two biologists and an endangered pallid sturgeon is given courtesy of Steven Krentz, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service. The remaining eight images are from various sources that are acknowledged elsewhere in this book.
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This book is dedicated to W. L. Minckley, William M. Lewis Jr.,
and Ptychocheilus lucius, who gave me the insight,
fortitude, and means to accomplish this work.

Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................xix
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................xxi
Use.and.Features.of.the.Book.......................................................................................................xxiii
Author.Biography............................................................................................................................xxv
A.Lexicon.of.Greek.and.Latin.Word.Roots.Used.in.this.Text......................................................xxvii
Part I
Introduction
Chapter.1
Ecology.of.Fishes:.Content.and.Scope................................................................................................3
History.of.Ecology.........................................................................................................................3
Fish.Ecology.Explored...................................................................................................................4
What.Is.a.Fish?...............................................................................................................................5
Fish:.The.First.Vertebrate..............................................................................................................7
Summary........................................................................................................................................7
Part II
Evolutionary Ecology of Fishes
Chapter.2
Aquatic.Evolution,.Origins,.and.Affinities.......................................................................................11
Aquatic.Evolution.........................................................................................................................11
Evolutionary.Ecology...................................................................................................................11
Origins.and.Affinities.of.Fishes...................................................................................................12
Paleoecology.of.Fishes.................................................................................................................15
Summary......................................................................................................................................16
Chapter.3
Aquatic.Environment........................................................................................................................17
Aquatic.Ecosystems.....................................................................................................................17
Properties.of.Water......................................................................................................................17
Seawater.......................................................................................................................................21
Fish.in.Water:.Where.Is.the.Gravity?..........................................................................................21
Summary......................................................................................................................................22
Part III
Fish Diversity
Chapter.4
Diversity.1:.Chordates.to.Sharks......................................................................................................27
Introduction..................................................................................................................................27
From.Chordate.to.Vertebrate.......................................................................................................27
Agnathans:.Hagfishes.and.Lampreys...........................................................................................28
vii
viii Contents
Conodonts.and.Ostracoderms......................................................................................................31
Early.Gnathostomes.....................................................................................................................32
Chondrichthyes............................................................................................................................34
Summary......................................................................................................................................37
Chapter..5
Diversity.2:.Teleostomes.to.Bony.Fishes..........................................................................................39
Radiation.of.Teleostomes.............................................................................................................39
Acanthodians:.Spiny.Ones...........................................................................................................40
Sarcopterygians:.Lobe-Fin.Fishes...............................................................................................40
Coelacanths.............................................................................................................................41
Lungfishes...............................................................................................................................42
Actinopterygians:.Ray-Fins.........................................................................................................43
Relict.Bony.Fishes...................................................................................................................45
Summary......................................................................................................................................46
Chapter.6
Diversity.3:.Teleosts..........................................................................................................................49
Diversity.and.Adaptation.............................................................................................................49
Lower.Teleosts.............................................................................................................................50
Bonytongues............................................................................................................................50
Eels..........................................................................................................................................51
Herrings,.Sardines,.Menhaden,.and.Anchovies......................................................................52
Minnows,.Suckers,.Characins,.and.Catfishes.........................................................................53
Whitefish,.Arctic.Grayling,.Trout,.Salmon,.and.Pike.............................................................54
Cods.and.Anglerfishes.................................................................................................................55
Higher.Teleosts.............................................................................................................................56
Perciformes..............................................................................................................................56
Flatfishes.and.Tetraodonts.......................................................................................................57
Summary......................................................................................................................................59
Chapter.7
Radiations,.Extinctions,.and.Biodiversity.........................................................................................61
Life.on.Earth.Has.Not.Been.Easy................................................................................................61
Fish.Extinctions.and.a.Few.Questions.........................................................................................63
Abiotic.Change........................................................................................................................63
Biotic.Factors...........................................................................................................................64
Pseudoextinction.....................................................................................................................64
Persistence.of.Survivors..........................................................................................................65
Enhanced.Radiations...............................................................................................................65
Lessons.from.Long-Term.Survivors........................................................................................65
Ecological.Concepts.....................................................................................................................66
Case.Study:.Fishes.of.Fossil.Lake...............................................................................................66
Summary......................................................................................................................................68
Contents ix
Part IV
Freshwater Ecosystems
Chapter.8
Zoogeography.of.Fishes....................................................................................................................71
Patterns.and.Species.Diversity.....................................................................................................71
Factors.Affecting.Distribution.....................................................................................................71
Adaptation....................................................................................................................................72
Continental.Movement.................................................................................................................73
Fishes.of.Zoogeographic.Regions................................................................................................75
Vicariance.Biogeography.............................................................................................................77
Pleistocene.Glaciation..................................................................................................................78
The.Future....................................................................................................................................79
Ecological.Concepts.....................................................................................................................79
Summary......................................................................................................................................80
Chapter.9
Lotic.Systems:.Flowing.Water.and.the.Terrestrial.Environment.....................................................83
A.Drop.of.Rain.............................................................................................................................83
Flowing.Water..............................................................................................................................83
Characteristics.of.Streams...........................................................................................................85
Water.Is.(Almost).Always.Moving..........................................................................................85
Channel.Complexity................................................................................................................86
Riparian.and.Floodplain.Features...........................................................................................86
Hydrology................................................................................................................................87
Trophic.Status.and.Energy.Transport.....................................................................................88
Ecological.Concepts.....................................................................................................................89
Summary......................................................................................................................................91
Chapter.10
Coldwater.Streams............................................................................................................................93
Structure.and.Function.................................................................................................................93
Coldwater.Fishes..........................................................................................................................95
Constraints.on.Trout.....................................................................................................................97
Case.Study:.Greenback.Cutthroat.Trout....................................................................................100
Summary....................................................................................................................................102
Chapter.11
Fishes.of.Warmwater.Streams.and.Rivers......................................................................................103
A.Warmwater.Fish.Viewpoint....................................................................................................103
The.Stream.Connected...............................................................................................................103
Stream.Fishes.............................................................................................................................106
Large.River.Fish.Faunas............................................................................................................108
Case.Study:.The.North.American.Paddlefish............................................................................109
Summary....................................................................................................................................112