Table Of ContentEarthquake Engineering for
Structural Design
Earthquake Engineering
for
Structural Design
Victor Gioncu and Federico M. Mazzolani
Firstpublished2011bySponPress
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©2011VictorGioncuandFedericoMazzolani
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BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Gioncu,Victor.
Earthquakeengineeringforstructuraldesign/VictorGioncuandFederico
Mazzolani.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
I.Mazzolani,FedericoM.II.Title.
Earthquakeresistantdesign.
624.1'762--dc22 2009052791
ISBN 0-203-84889-6 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN13:978-0-415-46533-5(hbk)
ISBN13:978-0-203-84889-0(ebk)
Contents
Contents V
Preface IX
Chapter1NewChallengesinSeismicDesign 1
11Afterthelaststrongearthquakes………………………………… 1
1.2GlobalUrbanizationandImpactofEarthquakes………………... 4
1.3TopicsInvolvedinSeismicDesign……………………………... 11
1.4SeismologyversusEngineeringSeismology……………………. 12
1.5EarthquakeEngineeringversusStructuralEngineering………... 15
1.6IssuesforSeismicDesign………………………………………. 26
1.8InternationalActivity…………………………………………… 27
1.9References……………………………………………………… 29
Chapter2LivingwithEarthquakes 32
2.1WhenEarthShakes……………………………………………. 32
2.2HistoricalEarthquakes………………………………………….. 35
2.3GreatEarthquakesof20thCentury……………………………… 38
2.4GreatEarthquakesoftheBeginningof21stCentury…………… 59
2.5References………………………………………………………. 67
Chapter3LearningfromEarthquakes 71
3.1MainLessonsaftertheStrongEarthquakes………………….. 71
3.2LessonsforEarthquakeHazard……………………………….. 75
3.3LessonsforConstructionVulnerability………………………. 82
3.4LessonsforMitigationofSeismicRisk………………………. 89
3.5LessonsforSeismicDesign………………………………….. 95
3.6References…………………………………………………… 99
Chapter4AdvancesinConceptionaboutEarthquakes 102
4.1FromEngeladostoGPSSystem……………………………… 102
4.2TowardsaNewViewinSeismology………………………… 114
4.3BlockModelsandSeismicity………………………………… 120
4.4ChaosTheoryandSeismology………………………………. 124
4.5Earthquake:PredictingtheUnpredictable................................. 132
4.6StatisticalSeismologyandtheTheoryof
Multi-SourceDataFusion…………………………………….. 136
4.7References…………………………………………………….. 138
VI Contents
Chapter5TectonicPlatesandFaults 143
5.1PlateTectonics……………………………………………. 143
5.2PlateBoundaryTypes…………………………………….. 144
5.3DiffuseZonesandFaultTypes…………………………… 155
5.4World’sMainPlateBoundaries…………………………... 171
5.5References………………………………………………… 176
Chapter6FaultsandEarthquakes 179
6.1AnatomyofanEarthquake………………………………. 179
6.2CrustalInterplateEarthquake……………………………. 183
6.3CrustalIntraplateEarthquakes…………………………… 190
6.4Intraslab(inslab)Earthquakes……………………………. 205
6.5World’sSeismicZones…………………………………… 209
6.6References………………………………………………… 212
Chapter7EarthquakesandGroundMotions 217
7.1GroundMotionsEvaluationandEarthquakeEngineering.. 217
7.2SourceCharacteristics…………………………………….. 220
7.3PathEffects……………………………………………...... 227
7.4GroundResponsetoEarthquakes……………………….. 236
7.5PeculiarFeaturesofNear-sourceGroundMotions…….... 249
7.6GroundMotionsPeculiaritiesofCrustalIntraplate
Earthquakes………………………………………………….. 275
7.7GroundMotionsPeculiaritiesofIntraslabSources……… 283
7.8References……………………………………………… . 285
Chapter8GroundMotionsandStructures 295
8.1StructureInfluenceonGroundMotions……………….. .295
8.2FoundationResponses…………………………………… 298
8.3StructureResponses……………………………………... 306
8.4DevelopmentsofMaterialsforseismic-resistantstructures 334
8.5DevelopmentsofSteelStructuralSystems……………….. 341
8.6Soil-foundation-structureInteraction……………………… 359
8.7SeismicVulnerabilityFactors…………………………….. 366
8.8References………………………………………………... 377
Chapter9AdvancesinSeismicDesignMethodologies 386
9.1ChallengesinSeismicDesign……………………………… 386
9.2Performance-basedSeismicDesign:ImplicationofOwners,
UsersandSociety………………………………………...... 390
Contents VII
9.3DevelopmentofMulti-levelBaseSeismicDesign……………. 392
9.4ResponseSpectraasRepresentationofGroundMotions…….... 404
9.5SeismicAnalysisProcedures……………….…………………. 418
9.6BehaviorofNon-structuralComponentsduringEarthquake…...441
9.7References……………………………………………………....446
Chapter10ChallengesforNextCodeGenerationofSeismicCodes 451
10.1DevelopmentsofSeismicDesignCodes…………………….. 451
10.2ProgressesinSeismicDesignCodes…………….................... 456
10.3ChallengesforNewDesignApproaches…………………...... 466
10.4CharacteristicsofEarthquakesinFunctionofSource.............. 471
10.5StructuralResponsetoInterplateCrustalEarthquakes:
Near-sourceGroundMotions…………………………….......476
10.6StructuralResponsetoIntraplateCrustalEarthquakes:
Low-toModerateGroundMotionsforCrustalFractures.........494
10.7StructuralResponsetoIntraslabDeepEarthquakes:
LongDurationEarthquakes……………………………. 512
10.8RecommendationsforDevelopingSimplebutReliableNew
Code Provisions..…………………………………........519
10.9References…………………………………………….. ......... 528
Appendix:Glossary 533
A.1EngineeringSeismology…………………………………… 533
A.2EarthquakeEngineering…………………………………… 543
A.3References………………………………………………….. 552
Index 553
VIII Contents
Themorewelearn,themorewerealize
howmuchremainstobelearned
LuisEsteva,2005
Preface
Earthquakes were the cause ofmore than 1.5million deathsworldwide duringthe
20th Century. During the beginning of the 21st Century the number of deaths was
about half a million. This is an unacceptable finding, because earthquakes can no
longerberegardedasnaturaldisasters,sincethemaincauseofthishugenumberof
casualties is the inadequate seismic resistance of the building stock, lifelines and
industry, which could beavoided.Earthquakesdonotkillpeople, butthebuilding
collapse can do it. It is an unbelievable situation that, after a century of research
works, each strong earthquake brings new surprises and creates the situation that
newlessons have tobe learnt. After a series ofdevastatingearthquakes during the
last years of the past century (1994 Northridge, 1995 Kobe, 1999 Kocaeli and
Taiwan earthquakes), it has been recognized by society that both seismic hazard
andriskhavetobereassessed.
Important progress was made in the last period, but many problems remain
unsatisfactorilysolved. Therefore, nowis therightmomenttoanalyze the level of
currentknowledgeandtoidentifythechallengesfor futureresearch worksandfor
the next code generation. This is themain intention of this book. The progress in
understanding and controlling the complex phenomena of the earthquake
productioncanbeanalyzedbothfromscientificandpracticalpointsofview.
From the scientific point of view, the main effort must be directed towards the
inner understanding of the complex phenomenon of an earthquake. Some new
fundamentaldisciplines,developedinthelastdecades,mustbedeeplystudied.The
most important among them is the Earth Science, which explores the different
processes and transformations produced in theevolution of theEarth and looks at
how it is likely to evolve in the future. The Earth Science, more than any other
science, is the embodiment of the emerging new sciences, where the focus is on
Complex Non-linear Systems: Evolutionary and Self-Organized Dissipative
Systems, Bifurcation, Catastrophes and Chaos Theories. The Earth surface can be
considered as a complex of self-organized systems, consisting in tectonic plates
and mantle, the equilibrium being assured by the mantle convection. The
earthquakes represent a sudden destruction of this equilibrium. Considering the
Chaos Theory, an essential discipline for Complex Non-linear Systems, which
underlines theimportanceof small perturbation in theinitial conditions (Butterfly
effect), it is possible to understand the great difficulties in the prediction of the
characteristics of the next earthquakes. These aspects show the limits of the
probabilisticanalysis in case of earthquake. Duetosmall differences in the initial
conditions, for thesamesource, each newevent isverydifferent from thealready
occurredone,breakingallprobabilisticrules.
