E-Government Interoperability and Information Resource Integration: Frameworks for Aligned Development (Premier Reference Source)

299 Pages·2009·6.77 MB·English

by  Petter Gottschalk

E-Government
Interoperability and
Information Resource
Integration:
Frameworks for Aligned
Development
Petter Gottschalk
Norwegian School of Management, Norway
Hans Solli-Sæther
Norwegian School of Management, Norway
InformatIon ScIence reference
Hershey • New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gottschalk, Petter, 1950-
E-government interoperability and information resource integration : frameworks for aligned development / by
Petter Gottschalk and Hans Solli-Sæther.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “This book focuses on the integration of new technologies into digital government, generating new
insights into e-government interoperability”--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-60566-648-8 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60566-649-5 (ebook)
1. Internet in public administration. I. Solli-Sæther, Hans. II. Title.
JF1525.A8G675 2009
352.3’802854678--dc22
2008051167
British Cataloguing in Publication Data
A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.
All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this
encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
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Table of Contents
Foreword............................................................................................................viii
Preface...................................................................................................................x
Acknowledgment................................................................................................xv
Chapter.I
Electronic.Government.Interoperability...........................................................1
The Concept of E-Government ..............................................................................2
Global Assessment of E-Government Readiness ..................................................4
Interoperability in Electronic Government ...........................................................6
Bene.ts of Interoperability ..................................................................................10
Transaction Cost Theory ......................................................................................11
Interoperability and Systems Integration ............................................................17
Technical, Semantic and Organizational Interoperability ..................................19
Interoperability Frameworks ..............................................................................21
The Case of GIS Interoperability ........................................................................22
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................33
References ...........................................................................................................33
Chapter.II
Value Con.gurations of Organizations ............................................................39
The Organization as Value Chain .......................................................................40
The Organization as Value Shop .........................................................................41
The Organization as Value Network ...................................................................45
Comparison of Value Configurations ..................................................................47
Organizational Structures ..................................................................................48
Organizational Cultures ......................................................................................54
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................56
References ...........................................................................................................86
Chapter.III
Resource Theory of Organizations...................................................................59
Characteristics of Resources ..............................................................................60
Characteristics of Strategic Resources ...............................................................64
Strategic IT Resources ........................................................................................68
Slack Resources ...................................................................................................74
Aligning IT Resources to the Organization’s Strategy ........................................76
Effect of IT Resources on Organizational Performance .....................................78
Resource Strategy ...............................................................................................80
Conclusion ..........................................................................................................83
References ...........................................................................................................84
Chapter.IV
Information Resource Integration....................................................................86
Semantic Integration of Government Data .........................................................87
Information Asymmetry and Information Sharing ..............................................88
Identity Management in Information Resources .................................................89
Inter-Organizational Information Integration ....................................................89
The Case of Urban Information Integration .......................................................90
The Case of E-Procurement ................................................................................91
Theoretical Approaches to Inter-Organizational Integration .............................91
Managing Integration Projects ...........................................................................95
The Case of State Funded Tourism Marketing ....................................................99
The Case of National Registers.........................................................................102
Conclusion ........................................................................................................103
References .........................................................................................................104
Chapter.V
Stages of E-Government Interoperability.....................................................108
Stage Models in Organizational Studies ...........................................................109
Stage Model for Interoperability ........................................................................111
Interoperability Between Police and Customs in Norway .................................114
Public Sector Entrepreneurship .........................................................................115
Public Sector Demographics ............................................................................119
Conclusion ........................................................................................................120
References .........................................................................................................120
Chapter.VI
Frameworks for Aligned Development..........................................................124
Cross-Organizational Back-Office Integration .................................................125
Cross-Organizational Business Processes ........................................................126
Architectural Options ........................................................................................127
Collaborative Networks ....................................................................................128
One-Stop E-Government Service Provision .....................................................130
The Hong Kong Framework .............................................................................131
A Three-Level Framework ................................................................................132
Web-Based Inter-Organizational Initiatives .....................................................133
Electronic Markets ............................................................................................134
Connected Governance .....................................................................................135
Modeling Methods for Interoperability .............................................................137
Service-Oriented Architecture ...........................................................................138
Training E-Government Actors .........................................................................141
The Case of Shared Services Organizations .....................................................141
The Case of Joint Military Operations .............................................................142
The Case of Electronic Voting ...........................................................................143
Conclusion ........................................................................................................144
References .........................................................................................................145
Chapter.VII
Strategic.Planning.for.Alignment...................................................................148
Strategy Levels and Elements ...........................................................................149
The Y-Model for IS/IT Strategy Work ................................................................153
Describing the Current IS/IT Situation .............................................................156
Describing the Current and Desired Business Situation ..................................157
Strategic Alignment ...........................................................................................160
Conclusion ........................................................................................................166
References .........................................................................................................167
Chapter.VIII
Governance.Structure.for.Alignment.............................................................168
What is IT Governance? ...................................................................................169
Organizational Governance ..............................................................................171
Contracts in Governance ..................................................................................172
Why is IT Governance Important? ....................................................................175
Governance of Resources ..................................................................................177
Decision Makers and Decision Rights .............................................................177
Categories of Decisions ...................................................................................178
Stakeholders .....................................................................................................180
Decision Rights Distribution ............................................................................183
Conclusion ........................................................................................................187
References .........................................................................................................188
Chapter.IX
The Role of the CIO.........................................................................................190
The CIO Position ..............................................................................................191
The CIO Sourcing IT Resources ........................................................................193
The CIO Enabling IT Governance ....................................................................194
CIO Leadership Roles .......................................................................................195
The CIO Developing Digital Government ........................................................198
The CIO Developing Competitive Strategy .......................................................202
The CIO Developing an Internet Strategy ........................................................203
The CIO Selecting E-Business Model ...............................................................204
Conclusion ........................................................................................................214
References .........................................................................................................214
Chapter.X
The Case of Police Investigations...................................................................217
The Case of Asset Recovery Investigations .......................................................218
How Police Investigations Work .......................................................................219
Information Systems in Police Investigations ...................................................221
Stages of Growth for Police Investigation ........................................................222
Filtration of Knowledge ....................................................................................229
The Investigative Value Shop ............................................................................231
Knowledge Workers in Investigations ...............................................................233
How Detectives Work ........................................................................................233
The Case of a Pedophile “Pocket Man” ..........................................................237
Conclusion ........................................................................................................239
References .........................................................................................................239
Chapter.XI
Levels of Organizational Interoperability.....................................................242
Level 1: Business Process Interoperability .......................................................243
Level 2: Knowledge Management Interoperability ..........................................245
Level 3: Value Configuration Interoperability ..................................................246
Level 4: Strategy Position Interoperability .......................................................246
Interoperability Benchmark Variables ..............................................................248
Theory-Based Benchmark Variables .................................................................251
The Stage Hypothesis ........................................................................................252
Determining Organizational Interoperability ...................................................254
Measuring Transaction Costs ..........................................................................256
Conclusion ........................................................................................................257
References .........................................................................................................258
Chapter.XII
E-Government Dynamics................................................................................261
Overcoming Barriers to E-Governmennt ..........................................................261
Assessment of E-Government Projects .............................................................264
Dynamic Business Performance .......................................................................265
Causal Loop Diagramming...............................................................................267
System Dynamics Modeling ..............................................................................269
Organizational Performance ............................................................................271
Conclusion ........................................................................................................274
References .........................................................................................................274
About the Authors............................................................................................277
Index..................................................................................................................278
viii
Foreword
In this well-timed book Petter Gottschalk and Hans Solli-Sæther present popular
e-government interoperability practices. They use several organization and manage-
ment theories as a means of understanding the underlying factors of interoperability.
Improved interoperability at all levels of public sector and between public and private
sector is of critical importance to make electronic government more successful. The
authors bring together their expertise as academics and researchers, along with their
professional experience as Chief Information Officers of several organizations.
This book covers a range of important topics such as barriers of interoperability
and solutions to overcome them, value configuration for interoperability, alignment
of information resources to government tasks, defining stages of E-Government
interoperability, strategic planning for alignment of E-Government initiatives. In-
teroperability represents an import issue for all governments, yet not many execu-
tives are quite clear about the various aspects of interoperability and therefore run
the risk of missing opportunities in integration projects.
Semicolon (Semantic and Organisational Interoperability in Communicating and
Collaborating Organisations) is a research and development project partly funded
by the Norwegian Research Council. The main goal of Semicolon is to develop and
test ICT-based methods, tools, and metrics to obtain faster and cheaper semantic
and organizational interoperability both with and within the public sector. This book
serves as a valuable literature review establishing a common ground for research into
organizational interoperability. A number of cases are included to provide additional
help to the reader better understand the subject matter, and relate it to real-world
scenarios. Further it adds academic rigor to its arguments with theoretical aspects
of organizational interoperability.
ix
This book is a most comprehensive guide on all the aspects of interoperability,
and is highly commendable for practitioners, researchers, policy makers, and con-
sultants alike.
Terje Grimstad
General manager, Karde AS
Project manager, Semicolon
Oslo, Norway