DTIC ADA481196: Suits Against Terrorist States

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Order Code RL31258
SRC tropeR rofssergnoC
WebCRS the throRuegche ived
Suits Against Terrorist States
January 25, 2002
David M. Ackerman
Legislative Attorney
naciremA waLnoisiviD
Congressional Research Service (cid:152)(cid:152) The Library of Congress
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Suits Against Terrorist States
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Suits Against Terrorist States
Summary
nI § 2002 fo eht smitciV“ fo gnikciffarT dna ecneloiV Protection tcA fo 2000,”
ssergnoC detcerid eht yraterceS fo eht yrusaerT to yap portions fo nevele stnemgduj
that evah neeb (or nwo ddedna h)e blliw ni stius tsniaga terrorist states ecnis 1996.
htiW respect to eno tnemgduj tsniaga ,abuC § 2002 dedivorp that tnemyap dluow eb
edam out fo eht stessa fo abuC ni eht detinU States that evah eb ne dekcolbecnis
1962. htiW respect to net stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, ssergnoC detcerid that tnemyap eb
edam tuo fdoetairp osrdpnpuaf pu(ot a enbe h.tS .eU htta hdt n)agnili edceificeps
deltitne t o kees tnemesrubmier rof esoht stnemyap morf .narI sA a,ecneuqesnoc
y nsrneat e ehnsnzs buiiot nohren o ctfsani nsbil5 oaul. fi Ci3eol7m9hl.1ti6$m9$
diap ni eht eno tnemgduj tsniaga ;abuC dna over $350 noillim ni U.S. sdnuf sah neeb
(or lliw )eb diap ni enin stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, htiw eno erom esac not tey .dediced
stnemgduJ tsniaga terrorist states ni stius other naht eseht nevele evah deunitnoc
ot eb dednah nwod yb eht .struoc tuB §2002 dedivorp stnamia lr coefrudeco ropn
ni other stius other naht those detangised to niatbo noitcafsitas fo rieht.stnemgduj
Moreover, other snoitseuq evah neeb desiar about eht stirem fo eht noitasnepmoc
margorp dehsilbatse ,hta erd oafb utCsnia gsamia ldcnasuo hxt iyslr a. e2N0 0y§2b
dn a,yrujni noitairporpxe gnirud dna retfa Castro’s takeover erew doeetbnimreted
etamitigel yb eht ngieroF smialC tnemeltteS eh tn inoissimmoC etal 1960s. But no
noitasnepmoc sah reve neeb diap ni eseht ;sesac dna s emo fo eseht stnamialcwon
ezicitirc eht esu fo a laitnatsbus portion fo s’abuC nezorf stessa to edivorp
noitasnepmoc of r a ,elgnis retal tsirorret .tca nI eht esac fo eht stnemgdujtsniaga
Iran, emos evah denoitseuq .noitasnep msyooda tcnp . ueSeffs.houUt ,oslA both
eht notnilC dna hsuB snoitartsinimdA ah ve raised objections to past efforts to use
citamolpid property dna nezorf stessa to yfsitas eht stnemgduj tsniaga terrorist states.
sihT eussi sah sti nigiro ni stnemdnema to eht ngieroF ngierevoS seitinummI tcA
detcane ni 1996 hcihw wolla livic stius yb U.S. smitciv fo msirorret tsniaga eht states
elbisnopser for, or ticilpmoc ,ni eht terrorist act. xelpmoc ylgnisaercni emoceb sah tI
sa ssergnoC sah sought to etatilicaf tnemyap fo eht stnemgduj .deredner tcejbus ehT
yam llew eb a rettam fo evitalsigel nrecnoc ni eht dnoces noisses fo eht701 th
:ssergnoC ,yrusaerT eht fo stnemtrapeD eht rof tca snoitairporppa 2002 lacsif eht nI
,ecitsuJ dna State, ssergnoC detcerid that eht inimdA noitarts timbus aevitalsigel
lasoporp to hsilbatse a“ evisneherpmoc margorp to erusne ,riaf ,elbatiuqe dna prompt
deti nlU lra onfoitasnepmoc States smitciv fo lanoitanretni ”msirorret yb teim ietht
stimbus sti proposed tegdub rof lacsif 2003. ,ytixelpmoc fo tnemele rehtruf a gniddA
eht snoitairporppa act osla deniatnoc a noisivorp gnizirohtua those ohw erewdleh
hostage yb narI ni 1979-1981 to gnirb tius tsniaga that state rednu eht terrorist state
noitpecxe to eht ,AISF gnidnatshtiwton eht tnemeerga ni eht sreiglA droccA that del
.sti uhsc udserr ahbci hewsael errie hott
sihT report sedivorp dnuorgkcab on eht ;AISF sliated the evolution of the
terrorist state noitpecxe dna tneuqesbus stnemdnema r e gnidrag tnemyap fo eht
;stnemgduj sets htrof eht ycilop dna lagel stnemugra that evah neeb ;decudda dna stsil
eht tnuo me ahd tn,aed anme eebv atha hsttnemy ae ph,t2 0 yd0§be2rev oscesac fo
terrorist state stessa nezorf ni eht U.S. .tnarraw stneve sa detadpu eb lliw troper ehT
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ytinu memtI adntnoSuorgkcaB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
69 9 f1to cyAtlan ehPta eeDvitcef fdE nmasirorreT-it neAhT . . . . . . . . . . . 4
50 1eh ty bstnemdnemA ht Congress (1997-1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
60 1eh ty bstnemdnemA ht Congress (1999-2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7 0e1 h ytnboitcA ht sser gnoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
noisulcnoC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
de, ryseB evttosaCitrS otrsr nesiT taXngIeAD mNIgEdPuPJA
t,noa tu 2§ses0rdt0uan2PMe mdynaaP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
XIDNEPPA II tnuomA fo stessA fo tsiror rseeTtatS
set adteSt i endyhUebtkcolB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
SAugiatTisen rsrto Srtiastte s
Introduction
nI § 2002 fo eht smitciV“ fo gnikciffarT dna ecneloiV Protection tcA fo 2000,” 1
ssergnoC detcerid eht yraterceS fo eht yrusaerT to yap portions fo nevele stnemgduj
ne eebv athaht (or lliw )eb dednah nwod ni stius tsniaga terrorist states .69 9e1cnis
htiW respect to eno tnemgduj tsniaga ,abuC § 2002 dedivorp that tnemyap dluow eb
edam tuo fo eht stessa fo abuC ni eht detinU setatS taht evah neeb dekcolbecnis
1962. htiW respect to net stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, ssergnoC detcerid that tnemyap eb
edam out fo airporppa ted funds and that the U.S. then be entitled to seek
tnemesrubmier rof those stnemyap morf Iran. eht fo noillim 7.69$ ,ecneuqesnoc a sA
detamitse $193.5 noillim ni nabuC stessa nezorf ni siht yrtnuoc 2 sah neeb diap to eht
r on(e esb ashdn u.fS . nUnioill i0m5 3r$e vdo n;aab utCsnia gtai ues h ntsitnamialc
soon lliw )eb diap out htiw respect to enin stnemgduj tsniaga Iran, htiw eno lanoitidda
.gnidne pllit sesac
stnemgduJ ni stius tsniaga terrorist states other naht eseht nevele evah deunitnoc
ot d eenbdwno ad yh.b sethrtuoc But stnami a rleocrfudec odorenpdiv o2r 0p§02
ni stius other naht eht seno deifitnedi to niatbo noitcafsitas fo rieht .stnemgduj
Moreover, other snoitseuq evah neeb desiar a tuob eht stirem fo eht detimil
nepmoc de hysbil b.m§a2a t0rns0gto e2osi rnts piamda singya a allsxrcuiaosehNt
abuC rof death, ,yrujni dna noitairporpxe gnirud dna retfa Castro’s takeover erew
denimreted to eb etamitigel yb eht ngieroF smialC tnemeltteS noissimmoC ni eht etal
1960s. tuB n oointasn espamhoc reve neeb diap ni eseh t;sesac dna emos foeseht
wo nstnamialc noitseuq edivo r o psttes snaezo rsf’ab u fCfol aghni s fusosenri aefht
noitasnepmoc rof a ,elgnis retal terrorist act. tsni3aga stnemgduj eht ot tcepser htiW
Iran, emos evah denoitseuq eht esu fo U.S. sdnuf to yap .noitasnepmoc ,noitidda nI
both eht notnilC dna B hsu snoitartsinimdA evah ,desiar dna eunitnoc ot,esiar
lanoitutitsnoc dna citamolpid snoitcejbo to stroffe to yfsitas eht stnemgduj tsniaga
tsseit ratotursor efnstoe.tzye ots ecrrsrrifeaoutpz aoifmreoopslpid
sihT noitautis dah sti nigiro ni stnemdnema to eht ngieroF ngierevoS seitinummI
tcA )AISF( 4 detcane ni 1996 hcihw wolla c iliv stius yb U.S. smitciv fo msirorret
tsniaga eht states elbisnopser for, or ticilpmoc ,ni eht terrorist ;stca dna eht eussi sah
1 .L.P ,683-601 noisiviD ,C § 2002 .tcO( ,82 ;)0002 411 .tatS.1451
2 See.I Ixidnepp A
3 nI 1996 eht nabuC riA ecroF tohs nwod owt srehtorB“ ot eht ”eucseR senalp gnidnatshtiwton
that eht enalp erew edistuo fo Cuba’s a ir space. In Alejandre v. Republic of Cuba, 996
F.Supp. 1239 (S.D. Fla. 1997), tcirts ildared eaf truoc dedrawa eht seilimaf fo eerht fo eht
.ab utCsnia gsaegam a ndnioill i7m.78 1 f$loat osatena lep h ftsotnapuc crouof
4 28 U.S.C.A. 1602 et seq.
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depoleved a rebmun fo xelpmoc snoisnemid ecnis that .emit eb llew yam tcejbus ehT
a matter fo evitalsigel nrecnoc ni eht dnoces noisses fo the 107 th :ssergnoC nIeht
lacsif 2002 snoitairporppa act rof eht stnemtrapeD fo eht ,yrusaerT ,ecitsuJ dna State,
ssergnoC detcerid that eht noitartsinimdA timbus a evitalsigel lasoporp to hsilbatse
a“ evisneherpmoc margorp to erusne ,riaf ,elbatiuqe dna prompt noitasnepmoc rof lla
”msirorr eltanoitanret n fisomitc isveta tdSetinU yb eht desopo rs ptsitimb utesimit
tegdub rof lacsif 2003. nI eht emas tca ssergnoC osla dedda a rehtruf tnemelefo
oyttixelpmoc eht noitautis yb gniyficeps that a tius e r oeehwsw onyh abttrsIniaga
dleh hostage ni 1979- 81 is not barred by the FSIA. 5 e ntOnemel efo ehstreiglA
stdadrheotlccA to eht esaeler del bun oat wradIhetdiv o1 sr8nep9ig1at sefohoht
.tnedicn ieh tro ftiu smor fenummi
sihT report sedivorp dnuorgkcab on eht enirtcod fo state y tinummi dna eht ;AISF
sezirammus eht 1996 stnemdnema to eht ;AISF sliated eht tneuqesbus lanoissergnoC
stroffe to tsissa sffitnialp i n o nigtncianfi safitotbaos ;rsitenhet msgtdeusj htrofeht
lagel dna ycilop stnemugra that evah edam rof dna tsniaga those ;stroffe stsil eht sesac
derevoc yb § 2002, eht tnuoma fo noitasnepmoc that sah neeb diap ni hcae ,esac dna
t eh source fo eht ;noitasnepmoc dna stsil eht tnuoma fo eht dekcolb essa ts of each
tsi reotrartest eh Ttrop elrliw e bdetadp usa s.ttnneavreraw
Background on State Immunity
yramotsuC lanoitanretni wal y llacirotsih dedroffa states etelpmoc yt inummi morf
gnieb deus ni the courts of other states. In the words fo feihC ecitsuJ ,llahsraM siht
ytinummi saw detoor ni eht tcefrep“ ytilauqe dna etulosba ecnednepedni fo
”sngierevos dna eht deen to niatniam irf y.lsdnnoeitaler hguoht lhAcae noitansah
lluf“ dna ”etulosba noitcidsiruj nihtiw sti own territory, the feihC ecitsuJ stated, that
:set antgsiere vr oe dshontte otts xoe,enotdnes nnoo cm ,mynobocitcidsiruj
enO ngierevos gnieb ni on tcepser elbanema ot ;rehtona dna gnieb dnuobyb
snoitagilbo fo eht tsehgih etcarahc r ton o tedarg ee dhyttingi dfo s i,hnoitanyb
gnicalp flesmih ro sti ngierevos sthgir nihtiw eht siruj d noitci fo ,rehtona nac eb
desoppus ot retne a ngierof yrotirret ylno rednu na sserpxe ,esnecil ro nieht
ecnedifnoc that t,n onigtia e ttrgsnenevid ognoss netesopiilethe ditbennhiummi
hguoht ton ylsserpxe ,detalupits era devreser yb ,noitacilpmi dna lliw eb dednetxe
.mi hot
f oecnednepedn ietulosb adn aytilauq etcefre psihT nommo csih tdn a,sngierevos
tseretni gnillepmi meht ot feogn ahcret n nida n,aesruocret nliautum doog seciffo
htiw hcae ,rehto evah nevig esir ot a ssalc fo sesac ni cihw h nygrieevreevsois
dootsrednu ot eviaw eht esicrexe fo a part fo that etelpmoc evisulcxe tirret orial
.noit aynre v feeotubirt tea h et obdteta tnse esb ahhci h,wnoitcidsiruj 6
5 redeoR .v cimalsI cilbupeR fo ,narI esaC rebmuN 01130VC00:1 )SGE( ,.C.D.D(delif
.)00 0, 29r2ebmeceD
6 ehT renoohcS egnahcxE , 11 U.S. 7( )hcnarC 116, 137 )2181( gnidloh( a hcnerF pihsraw ot
eb enummi .S . faUnooitcidsir uej hmtorf .)truoc nI izzir e.BsorB .oC .v .S. S,oraseP172
U.S. 562 ,)6291( eht Court dleh siht elpicnirp fo inummi den w yoy t -lolsep tlatpoeaatwts
.spih slaicremmoc
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gniruD eht lat ofetolpicni rspi h,trevew o,hyrutn etcsal state ytinummi emaceb
nag esbeta t fsroebm uranet fnaoitatim i olttcejbus gnigagne yltcerid laicremmo cni
.seitivitca neve setats rehto fo struoc eht ni ytinummi rieht niatniam ot setats wolla oT
elihw degagne ni yranidro ,ecremmoc ti saw ,dias evag“ states na riafnu egatnavda ni
ititepmoc no htiw etavir plaicr e”memsoicrpretne dna deined eht etavirp seitrapni
other nations with whom they dealt their normal recourse to the courts to settle
.setupsid 7 eyr lodrdefnelt eatrabfo iaW sdseeutm oam,rtiees cmsnuAenu qaesnoc
raW II adopted a evitcirtser elpicnirp fo state ytinummi gnivreserp state ytinummi rof
s tetussbaocm gniwolla states to eb laic remm orcie h ftto ugonisi rsamia lrc odfeus
.seitivitca
For eht detinU States siht evitcirtser elpicnirp saw tsrif adopted yb e vitartsinimda
noitca ni2591 8 dna neht saw yllareneg accepted yb eht courts. In 1978 Congress
deifidoc eht elpicnirp ni eht ngieroF ngierevoS .)AIS Ft( csAeitinummI 9 ehT AISF
states eht lareneg elpicnirp that a“ ngierof state llahs eb enummi morf eht noitcidsiruj
fo eht courts fo eht detinU States dna fo eht States” 10 dna neht sets htrof lareves
.snoitpecxe ehT yram isrnpoitpecxe era rof sesac ni hcihw eht“ ngierof etatssah
deviaw sti ytinummi rehtie ylsserpxe or yb ”,noitacilpmi sesac ni hcihw eht“ noitca si
desab upon a laicremmoc ytivitca deirrac on ni eht detinU States yb eht ngierof state,”
dna stius tsniaga a ngierof state rof lanosrep yrujni or aed th or damage to property
gnirrucco ni eht detinU States sa a tluser fo eht tortious act fo na laiciffo or eeyolpme
of that state .tnemyolp m reeocif fso i fheopo ces hntiht igwnitca 11 smia ltcs o rm oF
eht tcA osla sedivorp that eht laicremmoc property fo a ngierof state ni eht U.S. yam
eb attached ni noitcafsitas ta httsnia gtanemg d fuaoj state sseldrager fo rehtehw eht
.des asb amwia lec hhtci h nwyotivit cea hrt odfe ssu aywtreporp 12
The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996
nI 1996 ssergnoC dedda another noitpecxe to eht AISF hcihw swolla eht laredef
dna state courts to esicrexe noitcidsiruj evo r ngierof setats ni livic stius yb.S.U
tciv smi fo.msirorret 1 3 eroM ,yllacificeps eno trap fo eht msirorreT-itnA“dna
7NACIREMA WAL INSTITUTE, RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW THIRD: THE
S NNOGII TEWARALOLEFR FO E HDT EST EI)TN7AU 8T.9Sl1o(V (,)1 ta .193
,et a .TkB8c a,Jeta t fStonemtrap eeD h ftroesiv dlAag egLnit ceAhT detats ni a rettel ot eht
A c gnit yenrottA lareneG that ni erutuf sesac eht tnemtrapeD dluow wollof eht evitcirtser
. 6e2lpicnirp Department of State Bulletin 984 .)2591( t ns,eny ahilea wassguaaoci verP
ngierof etats ,esora eht State tnemtrapeD ylenituor deksa eht tnemtrapeD fo ecitsuJ ot mrofni
eht truoc that eht tnemnrevog derovaf eht elpicnirp fo etulosba inummi ty; and the courts
yllausu dedecca ot siht .ecivda reg ndoolnl utonwemnre v eothg atthnt areemt t ee tl eahTT
.ytivitc alaicremmo cgnivlovn isetat sngiero ftsniag asesa cn inoitseggu ssih tekam
9 28 U.S.C.A. 1602 et seq.
10 Id. § 1604.
11 Id. § 1605.
12 Id. § 1610.
13 P.L. 104-132, eltiT ,II § 221 lirpA( 24, 1976); 110 Stat. 1241; 28 U.S.C.A. 1605(a)(7)
)...deunitnoc(
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evitceffE htaeD ytlaneP tcA fo "6991 te a ddAheie Ithvdo Stont)FreApmPaDEA(
et antgsie raof si not enummi morf eht noitcidsiruj fo sntir ueot cadltnasare deehft
hcih wn isesac
yenom segamad era thguos tsniaga a ngierof etats rof lanosrep yrujni ro htaed that
saw desuac yb na act fo ,erutrot laicidujartxe ,gnillik aircraft ,egatobasegatsoh
,gnikat ro eht noisivorp fo lairetam support ro secruoser ... rof hcus na act fi hcus
act ro noisivorp fo lairetam support si degagne i n yb na ,lai c,iefefyoolpmero
tnega fo hcus ngierof s etat elihw gnitca nihtiw eht epocs fo sih ro reh,eciffo
... .ycneg ar o,tnemyolpme 14
To llaf nihtiw eht pur weiv fo si h,tnoitce se httne mrde nhdetemrrauifuq etrahteht
detangis eeedbta tnsgierof sa a state sponsor fo msirorret yb eht State tnemtrapeD
at eht emit eht act occurred, 15 aht t rehtie eht tnamialc ro eht mitciv fo eht tcafo
msirorret eb a U.S. ,lanoitan 16 dna that eht state hcihw si s ued be given a prior
ytinutroppo to etartibra eht mialc fi eht act on hcihw eht mialc si dneirru cdceosab
that state. The Act authorized the courts to drawa both yrotasnepmoc evitinu pdna
segamad dna stated that eht noitpecxe to ytinummi deilppa to tnenitrep sesuac fo
noitca that arose ,erofeb on , or retfa sti date fo .tnemtcane 17dewolla rehtruf tcA ehT
eht laicremmoc property fo a e hnetita tnsgierof U.S. to eb attached ni noitcafsitas
fo a tnemgduj tsniaga that state rednu t sih tnemdnema sseldrager fo rehtehweht
13 )deunitnoc...(
tseW( .ppuS.)1002
14 Id.
15 ehT State tnemtrapeD seifitnedi etats srosnops fo msirorret pursuant ot § )j(6 fo eht tropxE
tc AnoitartsinimdA ecnatsis snAgier oe FhfA to0 ,2§)6)j(50 4.2p p.AA.C.S .0 U59(7 9f1o
tcA 22( U.S.C.A. 2371), dna § )d(04 fo eht smrA tropxE lortnoC tcA 22( U.S.C.A. .))d(0872
ehT ,tsil hcihw si dehsilbup ,yllaunna yltnerruc sedulcni Cuba, Iran, Iraq, ,aybiL htroN ,aeroK
,. nadaindrau ySS See 22 CFR Part 126(1)(a) (2001).
16 sA yllaitini ,detcane eht etutats dedivorp that a tsirorret etats dluoc ton eb deus fi rehtie“ eht
tnamialc ro mitciv saw ton a U.S. ”.lanoitan eb dluoc noisivorp eht taht nrecnoc fo esuaceB
daer ot eriuqer that htob eht tnamialc dna mitciv eb U.S. slanoitan dna that, as a ,ecneuqesnoc
emos fo eht limaf sei ohw e rdeewzimitci vyb eh ttsir ogrnriebtmob fo naP mA 301revo
,eibrekcoL ,dnaltocS dluow eb ,dedulcxe ssergnoC dednema eht egaugnal ni 1997 ot bar hcus
stius ylno fi rehtien“ eht tnamialc ron eht mitciv saw a lanoitan fo eht detinU States ....” See
P.L. 105-11, 105 th ,.1g noC st .l ) i,7l ) 8r09 i,7d 4p19 .r59n .-A1sp29a.t5(sA1Hp0e(e1SR
17 . . )5.Ate10p.s t06pCe8o01u.W2n2SS(.U
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property saw devlovni ni eht act on hcihw eht mialc saw .desab 1 8 The Clinton
.AI Se F hnstiegna hecse hdtetropp unsoitartsinimdA
Later ni 1996 ssergnoC detcane a counterpart statute gnivig rsoeitr adperujni
.set attssiror rtestni asgt a irnuoosf i etfssc oeuaavaictatneser plea rgreileht 19
18 Id. § .)2()b(0161 noitanalpxe ro etabed hcum eviecer ton did AISF eht ot stnemdnema esehT
gnirud eht s’APDEA noitaredisnoc yb eht etaneS dna eht .esuoH tahw ot ralimis snoisivorP
saw detcane erew dedulcni ni htob eht etaneS dna eht esuoH serusaem as decudortni (S. 735,
§ 221 dna H.R. 2703, § 803 .)ylevitcepser ;lli brehti en odeli fsa wtrope reettimmo co ntu B
dna eht ylno egnahc that appears ot evah neeb edam ud gnir roolf etabed saw athgils
tnemdnema yb .peR edyH ni a s’reganam tnemdnema ni eht esuoH gnisopmi a raey-01 etutats
fo snoitatimil no cus h stius dna ylthgils gniyfidom eht noisivorp gninrecnoclairt-erp
.noitartibra See 142 CONG. REC. H 2166 yliad( ,.de hcraM 13, e hfttoro p .ee )rh6T991
:swollo fs adetat sylpmi seettimmo cecnerefnoc
noitceS esuoH--122 noitces 803 sedecer ot etaneS noitces 206, htiw .snoitacifidom
sihT eltitbus sedivorp that snoitan detangised as etats srosnops fo msirorret rednu
noitces 97 9 f1to cnAoitartsinim dtArop xeE h ft)oj(6 lliw eb elbanema ot tius ni
U.S. struoc rof tsirorret acts. gnikees smialc raeh ot struoc laredef .S.U stimrep tI
yenom segamad rof lanosrep yrujni ro htaed tsniaga hcus snoitan dna gnisira morf
tsirorret acts yeht ,timmoc ro tcerid ot eb ,dettimmoc iaga tnssannceizrietmiAc
ro slanoitan edistuo fo eht ierof ng s'et a,tysrotirret dna rof hcus stca nihtiweht
.mia lec hettartib r oadtesuf esr adhevlov neita tes h ftyirotirr est'etats
l. i)8,r615 p 95 1.A.9-.t(f14Hpn0eo1RC
tah tdeto ne bthgi mt i,revewoH eht esuoH dah detpoda a ralimis erusaem dnoce seh tgnirud
noisses fo eht suoiverp .ssergnoC dah ecitsuJ fo tnemtrapeD eht dna etatS fo tnemtrapeD ehT
desoppo eht noitalsigel ta taht .emit tuB eht troper fo eht esuoH yraiciduJeettimmoC
:swoll o sfealanoit asr tdienialpxe
ehT d aehv ashnezit i.cS .yUtluciffid ni gniniatbo seidemer rof erutrot dna rehto
seirujni dereffus daorba setartsulli eht deen rof laidemer .noitalsigel ng iAerof
ngierevos setaloiv lanoitanretni wal fi ti secitcarp ,erutrot yrammus ,noitucexe ro
.ediconeg t nw de andra rtdleeeo o r eezrdrahru. YliunbwocSslttua.iiirUkcot
tonnac eus eht ngierof ngierevos ni U.S. courts, neve nehw eht foreign country
ylgnorw sesufer ot raeh eht s’nezitic .esac ,eroferehT ni emos secnatsni a.S.U
nezitic ohw saw derutrot ro( eht ylimaf fo eno ohw saw )deredrum lliw eb tuohtiw
.ydeme ra
H.R. 934 sdnats rof eht elpicnirp that U.S. snezitic ohw era ylsuoveirg detaertsim
daorba dluohs evah na evitceffe ydemer rof segamad ni emos ,lanubirt rehtie ni eht
yrtnuoc erehw eht tnemtaertsim derrucco ro ni eht detinU States. eht ,dne siht oT
llib dluow dda a wen noitpecxe ot eht AISF that dluow wolla stius tsniaga ngierof
ta hstngierevos edicon e rgsognill ilkaicid ujart x,eerutr o otstnezit i.cS .tUcejbus
.smra hesoh tro fseideme retauqed aedivor pto no ddna
,. 2 H .0d,t73.p-0ge31nR 0od1 C2. s.sgeu SA,,(6)149 9t1a .4
19 P.L. 104-208, eltiT I, § )c(101 .tpeS( 30, ;)6991 110 Stat. ;271-9002 28 U.S.C .A. 1605
.eton stca rof noitca fo esuac a sevitatneserper lagel rieht dna slanoitan .S.U sevig etutats ehT
.APD EeA hrted nnuoitcidsir uejv a.hS .eU h ftsotru oec hhtci hrwe veota tnsgier ofafo
6-SRC
Amendments by the 105th Congress (1997-1998)
lareveS stius erew ylkciuq delif tsniaga abuC dna narI tnausrup oteseht
.snoisivorp ;stius hcus ni struoc .S.U eht fo noitcidsiruj eht dezingocer etats rehtieN
,dna thus, both desufer to raeppa ni court dna tnuom a .esnefed lareves ,sselehtenoN
laredef lairt courts draeh eht ecnedive derefforp yb eht sffitnialp dna dnuof both narI
dna abuC to eb .elbapluc stnemgduj tluafed deretne struoc lareves ,ecneuqesnoc a sA
tsniaga hcae state dna dedrawa eht s ffitnialp laitnatsbus stnuoma ni yrotasnepmoc dna
.segam aedvitinup 20
rehtieN narI nor abuC dah yna noitanilcni to yap eht segamad that dah neeb
sada n;ases aecse h ntdiessessa ,ecneuqesnoc eht sffitnialp sought nia tnri eaocttbo
properties dna other stessa denwo yb eht states ni noitseuq cihw h erew nihtiweht
noitcidsiruj fo eht detinU States to yfsitas eht duj g .stnem nI eht esac fo Flatow v.
Islamic Republic of Iran, supra, attempts erew edam to attach eht yssabme dna
lareves citamolpid properties fo narI detacol ni ,notgnihsaW D.C., eht proceeds that
dah ca deurc morf eht latner fo es oshetitrep orre ptcfiat asmnooliptiadler dahneeb
,nekorb dna na drawa ni rovaf fo narI dna tsniaga eht U.S. tnemnrevog that dah neeb
deredner yb eht Iran-U.S. smialC .di anpe etb ety odn ath ulbanubirT 21 notni l eC hT
,noitartsinimdA ,revewoh opposed eseht e .stroff tI deugra taht ehtcitamolpid
properties dna eht latner proceeds laicremm otc odn nnagierev oysllaitnes seerew ni
tan ure and that, therefore, they could not be attached pursuant to the FSIA. The
rehtr unfoitartsinimdA deugra that eht tbed owed to narI sa a tluser fo noisic eedht
fo eht smialC lanubirT dna eht sdnuf hcihw thgim eb desu to yap eht drawa erew U.S.
property dna not nainarI property ,dna thus, erew osla enummi morf .tnemhcatta nI
,noitidda eht noitartsinimdA deugra that ti saw detagilbo to protect s’narI citamolpid
20 See Alejandre v. Republic of Cuba , 699 .ppuS.F 9321 .D.S( .alF )7991 05$( noillimni
yrotasnepmoc segamad dna $137.7 noillim ni itinup dsee diosf rlteoea ighwematavamfad
eerht fo eht ruof snosrep ohw erew dellik nehw nabuC aircraft tohs nwod owt ’srehtorB ot eht
eucseR senalp ni ;)6991 Flatow v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 999 F.Supp. 1 (D.D.C. )8991
72$( noillim ni yrotasnepmoc segamad dna $225 noillim ni evitinup segamad dedrawa ot eht
rehtaf fo asilA ,wotalF ohw saw dellik ni 1995 yb a car gnibmob ni eht Gaza Strip yb cimalsI
hci hnwoitazinag r no,adahiJ eht truoc d n;a)na r yIdbedn u ef obdtnuof Cicippio v. Islamic
Republic of Iran, 18 F.Supp. d2 62 (D.D.C. )8991 (yrotas nde epnd mirnoaocwi al5l6i$m
segamad ot eerht snosrep dna( owt fo rieht )sesuops ohw erew ,depandik dleh ,egatsoh dna
nonab e nLdierutrot ni eht s0891-dim yb ,hallobzeH na noitazinagro hcihw dnu otfru oecht
.)na r yIdbedn u efobt
21 ehT .S.U-narI smialC lanubirT ta eht eugaH saw detaerc tnausrup ot snoisivorp nieht
sreiglA droccA fo 1981 that del ot eht esaeler fo eht U.S. .segatsoh slanoitan .S.U yb smialC
tsniaga narI that erew gnidnatstuo at eht emit fo eht esaeler fo eht segatsoh as llew as smialc
st nne e mees n hwmlro ttiaewteauv ts blt oenscc.ghila Staard.gn tnUaonnaia otiycanbnarI
esac-yb-es a octtcejb uesd aemrew noitartibra yb eht Tribunal. tsoM nainarI stessa y bdleh
U.S. snosrep ro seititne at ek vn dra f le e Botarwesoe arremetreheeNiRehtdftwt esFnart
kroY dna erew re hdteineruter ot narI ro e rdeewdrawro fot na wor ctsneuocca rof esuni
gniyfsitas stnemgduj eredner d against Iran by this Tribunal. See eht suoirav stnemeerga
neewteb eht U.S. dna narI taler gni ot eht esaeler fo eht segats onhwonk( sa ehtsreiglA
,)droccA ,48221-6 7s2r 2ee1dvriOtu c;e) x1. E8n09a41 J2 0(-M23L2I2 46 .deF .geR 7913
(Jan. 19, 1981); and 31 CFR Part 535.