Table Of ContentGunjan Arora · Andaleeb Sajid
Vipin Chandra Kalia Editors
Drug
Resistance in
Bacteria, Fungi,
Malaria, and
Cancer
Drug Resistance in Bacteria, Fungi, Malaria,
and Cancer
Gunjan Arora (cid:129) Andaleeb Sajid (cid:129)
Vipin Chandra Kalia
Editors
Drug Resistance in Bacteria,
Fungi, Malaria, and Cancer
Editors
GunjanArora AndaleebSajid
CSIR-InstituteofGenomics NationalInstituteofAllergyand
andIntegrativeBiology InfectiousDiseases
Delhi,India NationalInstitutesofHealth
Bethesda,Maryland
USA
VipinChandraKalia
CSIR-InstituteofGenomics
andIntegrativeBiology
Delhi,India
ISBN978-3-319-48682-6 ISBN978-3-319-48683-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-48683-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935491
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017
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Dedicated to my Parents
Preface
Human beings interact with almost all kinds of living beings. The interaction is
complexed by the influence of environmental factors. These interactions assume
variousrelationshipsrangingfromsymbioticatoneendofthespectrumtopatho-
genic/parasitic at the other end. Human body—cells, tissues, and organs—has a
complete network of metabolic activities and systems, which are well organized.
Humansystemsaretunedtorecognizeandsensealmostallkindsoflivinganddead
molecules and organisms. Taking advantage of these human senses, vaccines are
developedtoprotecthumansagainstpathogenicorganisms.Vaccinedevelopment
being a very complex phenomenon has been pursued for a limited number of
diseases. Interestingly, in spite of the presence of a mechanism to prevent entry
of foreign entities, human bodies house a large number of microbes on the skin
surface,withinthegutallthetimes.Athirdsetofmicrobesinfectthehumanbody
andarelabeledaspathogenic.Here,bacteriastartmultiplyingatdifferentrates.The
bacteria choose to either stay back and cause infectious diseases such as tubercu-
losis—Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia
cepacia—or multiply rapidly and hurriedly leave the human body such as in the
cases of diarrhea, cholera, and septicemia. However, in all cases, microbes cause
enormous damage to human health. Discovery of antibiotics provided mankind
withmuchneededrelieffromdiseases,whichhadbeenassumingepidemicdimen-
sions.Incidentally,thisdiscoverycouldnotsustainforlongsincemicrobesstarted
reactingtothisenvironmentalstress.Microbesdevelopedresistancetoantibiotics.
This provoked scientists to discover newer antibiotics. This game of success and
failurehasreachedavirtualdeadend.Fromsingleantibiotic-resistantmicrobes,we
havenowseenmultipledrug-resistantandextremelydrug-resistantmicrobes.The
pathogens have evolved resistance to almost all the antibiotics, which thus are
provingineffective.Scientificmoraleisgoingdownaspharmaceuticalcompanies
are not showing any interest in investing money in this area. Thus, the need is to
look for novel drug targets and drugs. We have to develop innovative systems to
beatmicrobialintelligence.Thequestionwhichisbeingraisedrepeatedlyis:Shall
wemutelywitnessthisonslaughtorpreparenovelantibacterial?
vii
viii Preface
Research for humanwelfareneeds astrongteamofdedicated scientific minds.
Theyoungresearchersandbrilliantscientistscanmakeinnovativeandsignificant
contributions. This book provides recent developments in the area of Drug Resis-
tance, which can provide leads to the young ignited minds and enable them to
translatethemintonoveldrugsforthebenefitsofthesociety.Inthisbook,scientists
withextremelystrongacademicknowledgeandpracticalexperiencehaveagreedto
sharetheirrecentresearchworks.Thisbookisacompilationoftheresearchworks
ofdedicatedteamsofscientificworkerswhoarecommittedtohumanwelfare.Iam
sincerelyhumbledbythecontributionsmadebyeachoftherespectedauthors.Iam
reallythankfultothemfortheirefforts.Wordsarenotsufficientenoughtotrulyand
adequately acknowledge the worthiness of their efforts. My true inspirations to
write this book were bestowed on me by the constant faith and support of my
mother (Late Mrs. Kanta Kalia), who passed away, during the preparation of this
book;myfather(Mr.R.B.Kalia);Amita(wife),SunitaandSangeeta(sisters);Ravi,
Vinod,andSatyendra(brothers);DakshandBhrigu(sons),myteachers,especially
Dr. A.P. Joshi; and my friends Rup, Hemant, Yogendra, Rakesh, Atya, Jyoti,
Malabika,Neeru,andRitusree.Imustalsoacknowledgethesupportofmyyoung
friends Asha, Sadhana, Sanjay, Mamtesh, Subhasree, Shikha, Jyotsana, Ravi,
Priyanka,andRahul.
Delhi,India VipinChandraKalia
Contents
EmergingThemesinDrugResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GunjanArora,AnkurKulshreshtha,KritiArora,PuneetTalwar,RishiRaj,
GurpreetGrewal,AndaleebSajid,andRitushreeKukreti
MolecularMechanismofDrugResistance:CommonThemes. . . . . . . . 25
C.M.SantoshKumar
MolecularMechanismofDrugResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ShilpaRay,SusmitaDas,andMrutyunjaySuar
FunctionalRolesofHighlyConservedAminoAcidSequenceMotifs
AandCinSoluteTransportersoftheMajorFacilitatorSuperfamily. . . . 111
PrathushaKakarla,RanjanaKC,UginaShrestha,IndrikaRanaweera,
MunMunMukherjee,T.MarkWillmon,AlbertoJ.Hernandez,
SharlaR.Barr,andManuelF.Varela
HowPathogensSurviveDrugPressure?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
BrijendraKumarTiwari,GunjanKak,DeepikaSharma,
andKrishnamurthyNatarajan
FunctionalDiversityandApplicationsofMobileGroupIIIntrons. . . . 161
BhagwanRekadwad,JuanM.Gonzalez,andChandrahasyaN.Khobragade
BacterialResistanceAgainstAntibiotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
AnilKumarandNikitaChordia
Drug-ResistantTuberculosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
LiliLiang,YunMa,Xinliu,andYaminLv
EmergenceofDrugResistanceinMycobacteriumandOtherBacterial
Pathogens:ThePosttranslationalModificationPerspective. . . . . . . . . . 209
ManuKandpal,SuruchiAggarwal,ShilpaJamwal,andAmitKumarYadav
ix
x Contents
ImplicationsofChromosomalMutationsforMycobacterialDrug
Resistance. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. 233
GailE.LouwandSamanthaL.Sampson
GlycogenasKeyEnergyStorehouseandPossiblyResponsible
forMultidrugResistanceinMycobacteriumtuberculosis. . . . . . . . . . . . 263
AnilKumarGupta,AmitSingh,andSarmanSingh
RoleofExternalandEnvironmentalFactorsinDrugResistance
Emergence:GutMicrobiota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
DanielRyan,SangeetaJaiswal,andMrutyunjaySuar
Efflux-MediatedDrugResistanceinStaphylococcusaureus. . . . . . . . . . 307
NitinPalKalia
TacklingtheAntibioticResistance:The“Gut”Feeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
RichaMisra,RichaVirmani,DarshanDhakan,andAbhijitMaji
InSilicoAnalyticalToolsforPhylogeneticandFunctionalBacterial
Genomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
VipinChandraKalia,RaviKumar,andShikhaKoul
ExploitingBacterialGenomestoDevelopBiomarkers
forIdentification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
RaviKumar,ShikhaKoul,andVipinChandraKalia
CurrentAntifungalTherapyandDrugResistanceMechanisms
inDermatophytes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
PawanKumar,ChitraLatka,andBhupeshTaneja
HumanFungalPathogensandDrugResistanceAgainstAzole
Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
PreetidaJ.Bhetariya,NehaSharma,PragatiSingh,PriyankaTripathi,
SantoshK.Upadhyay,andPoonamGautam
DrugResistanceinMalaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
SantoshC.M.Kumar
DrugResistanceinCancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
SantoshK.Upadhyay,RameshC.Rai,RekhaGehtori,AshutoshPaliwal,
PoonamGautam,andPennyJoshi
BCL-2ProteinsandtheirRoleinCancerResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
HamidaThakurandAbidR.Mattoo
PerturbedSignalingandRoleofPosttranslationalModifications
inCancerDrugResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
SuruchiAggarwal,ManuKandpal,ShailendraAsthana,
andAmitKumarYadav
Contents xi
OvarianCancerandResistancetoTherapies:ClinicalandLaboratory
Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
RiyazBasha,ZainabMohiuddin,AbdulRahim,andSarfrazAhmad
InitiativesAcrossCountriestoReduceAntibioticUtilisation
andResistancePatterns:ImpactandImplications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
BrianGodman,JosephFadare,DanKibuule,LynaIrawati,
MwanganaMubita,OlayinkaOgunleye,MargaretOluka,BeneD.Anand
Paramadhas,JulianadeOliveiraCosta,L´ıviaLovatoPiresdeLemos,
AugustoAfonsoGuerraJu´nior,AlianA.Alrasheedy,
MohamedAzmiHassali,FahadSaleem,ThuHuong,andIlseTruter
InSilicoApproachesTowardCombatingAntibioticResistance. . . . . . . 577
RahulShubhraMandalandSantasabujDas
SyntheticSolutionstoDrugResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595
GunjanArora,RichaMisra,andAndaleebSajid
FutureofDrugDiscovery. . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . 609
AhmedKamal,ShaliniNekkanti,NagulaShankaraiah,andMandaSathish
