Table Of ContentDEVELOPMENTS IN THERMOCHEMICAL
BIOMASS CONVERSION
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DEVELOPMENTS IN THERMOCHEMICAL
BIOMASS CONVERSION
Volume 1
Edited by
A.V. Bridgwater
Director of the Energy Research Group,
Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry,
Aston University, Birmingham, UK
and
D.G.B. Boocock
Chair of the Department of
Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry,
University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
SPRINGER·SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B. V.
First edition 1997
© 1997 Springer Science+ Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997
ISBN 978-94-010-7196-3 ISBN 978-94-009-1559-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-009-1559-6
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or
review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publi-
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The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy
of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or
liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-86524
@J Printed on permanent acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with
ANSIINISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
CONTENTS
VOLUME!
Preface XV
Acknowledgements xvii
PYROLYSIS
Overview
Overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass for the production of liquid fuels 5
J P Diebold, A V Bridgwater
Fundamentals
The nature and properties of intermediate and unvaporised biomass
pyrolysis materials 27
J Lede, J P Diebold, G V C Peacocke, J Piskorz
Comparisons in biomass and refuse derived fuel pyrolysis. Multivariate
analysis applied to an experimental design 43
B Krieger-Brockett, W C Lai, W C Chan
Rapid pyrolysis of straw at high temperatures 61
R Zanzi, K Sjostrom, E Bjornbom
The pyrolytic decomposition and subsequent combustion of rice husks 67
M A Connor, J P Kisler, N I Alesich, M G Kane, R N Watkins,
D C Shallcross
Relationships between wood density, wood permeability and
charcoal yield 82
M A Connor, M H Viljoen, J Ilic
The high heat of fast pyrolysis for large particles 97
T B Reed, S Gaur
Chemical engineering aspect of solid (biomass) particle pyrolysis:
A review of the possible rate limiting factors 104
JLede
Simultaneous heat, mass and momentum transfer during
biomass drying 117
C DiBlasi
v
Modelling and simulation of moist wood drying and pyrolysis 132
M C Melaaen, M G Gronli
A transient, two dimensional model of biomass pyrolysis 147
C DiBlasi
Laboratory experimentation
Laboratory experiments to characterise the pyrolysis behaviour of
selected biomass fuels 163
A Moilanen, P Oesch, E Leppamaki
Olive stones pyrolysis: Chemical, textural and kinetics characterisation 176
P A Della Rocca, G I Horowitz, P Bonelli, M C Cassanello,
A L Cukierman
Comparison of ablative and fluid bed fast pyrolysis products: Yields
and analyses 191
G V C Peacocke, C M Dick, R A Hague, LA Cooke, A V Bridgwater
The impact of wood preservatives on the flash pyrolysis of biomass 206
S Wehlte, D Meier, J Moltran, 0 Faix
Release of metals during the pyrolysis of preservative impregnated wood 220
L Helsen, EVan Den Buick
Co-pyrolysis of biomass with plastics 229
F Pinto, I Gulyurtlu, I Cabrita, J Pinto, M Goncalves
Improvements in the vortex reactor design 242
J P Diebold, J W Scahill
Removal of residual char fines from pyrolysis vapours by hot gas filtration 253
J W Scahill, J P Diebold, C J Feik
Co-combustion of biomass, pre-treated in a fluid bed pyrolysis unit 267
M W Hansen, U Henriksen, S Houmoller
Thermocatalytic conversions of wood biomass in fluidised bed of catalysts 282
B N Kuznetsov, M L Shchipko
Black liquor pyrolysis and char reactivity 294
J L Sanchez, L Garcia, M Salvador, R Bilbao, J Arauzo, Z Fang
Mass balance of bio-carbon electrodes obtained by experimental
bench production 305
A R Couthinho, C A Luengo
Carbonisation of five short rotation tropical tree species 312
J AFuwape
Distribution of nitrogen in liquefaction of albumin 320
Y Dote, S Inoue, T Ogi, S Yokoyama
vi
Application of thermal chemical liquefaction of sewage sludge 328
S Yokoyama, T Minowa, S Sawayama, Y Dote, A Suzuki
Fuel oil production from hydrocarbon-rich microalgae
botryocaccus braunii 339
T Ogi, S Ingue, S Sawayama, Y Dote
Pilot and demonstration
Development of a novel vacuum pyrolysis reactor with improved
heat transfer potential 351
C Roy, Y Yang, D Blanchette, L Korving, B de Caumia
Developments of an integrated pilot plant for the flash pyrolysis of wood 368
AM C Janse, W Prins, WPM van Swaaij
Plans for the production and utilisation of bio-oil from biomass fast pyrolysis 378
G Trebbi, C Rossi, G Pedrelli
Analysis and characterisation of pyrolysis liquids
Properties of fast pyrolysis liquids: Status of test methods 391
D Meier, 0 Oasmaa, G V C Peacocke
A review of the chemical composition of fast pyrolysis oils from biomass 409
T Milne, F Agblevor, M Davis, S Deutch, D Johnson
Characteristics of pyrolysis oil and char from oil palm shells 425
F N H Ani, R Zailani
Proposed specifications for various grades of pyrolysis oils 433
J P Diebold, T A Milne, S Czernik, A Oasmaa, A V Bridgwater,
A Cuevas, S Gust, D Huffman, J Piskorz
Wood tar pitch: Analysis and conceptual model of its structure 448
V M D Pasa, F Carazza, C Otani
Combustion of pyrolysis liquid
Combustion characteristics of fast pyrolysis oils derived from
hybrid poplar 465
R Shaddix, S Huey
Combustion experiences of flash pyrolysis fuel in intermediate size boilers 481
S Gust
RTP bio-crude: A combustion/emissions review 489
D R Huffman, B A Freel
Feasibility of firing an industrial gas turbine using a biomass derived fuel 495
R Andrews, S Zukowski, P C Patnaik
vii
Chemicals from pyrolysis liquid
Effect of various pyrolysis parameters on the production of phenols
from biomass 509
H Pakdel, C Roy, X Lu
Fast pyrolysis of biomass for recovery of speciality chemicals 523
D S Scott, R L Legge, J Pizkorz, P Majerski, D Radlein
Obtaining of levoglucosan by fast pyrolysis of lignocellulose:
Pathways of levoglucosan use 536
R Pernikis, J Zandersons, B Lazdina
Petrochemicals from bark by fluidised bed pyrolysis 549
W Kaminsky, N Brolund
Use of biomass pyrolysis oils for preparation of modified phenol
formaldehyde resins 557
S SKelly, X M Wang, MD Myers, D K Johnson, J Scahill
Upgrading pyrolysis products
Upgrading overview 575
R E Maggi, D C Elliott
Behaviour of catalysts supported on carbon in hydrodeoxygenation
reactions 589
A Centeno, 0 David, Ch. Vanbellinghen, R Maggi, B Delmon
Influence of the preparation procedure on catalysts supported on carbon
in hydrodeoxygenation reactions 602
A Centeno, Ch. Vanbellinghen, 0 David, R Maggi, B Delmon
Liquid fuels by low-severity hydrotreating of biocrude 611
D C Elliott, G N Neuenschwander
Bio-crude oil hydrotreating in a continuous bench-scale plant 622
L Conti, G Scano, J Boufala, S Mascia
Catalytic conversion of canola oil in a fluidised bed reactor 633
S P R Katikaneni, J D Adjaye, R 0 Idem, N N Bakhshi
The influence of steam on the zeolite catalytic upgrading of biomass
pyrolysis oils 648
P L Horne, N Nugranad, P Williams
Catalytic cracking of biomass flash pyrolysis liquids 657
M Samolada, I A Vasalos
Catalytic steam reforming of biomass-derived fractions from
pyrolysis processes 672
S Czernik, D Wang, D Montane, E Chornet
viii
Linear mono-olefines by thermal deoxygenation of lipids over alumina 687
D G Boocock, S K Konar, A Leung, E Vhongia
Liquid-phase thermal treatment of tall oil soap into hydrocarbon fuels 696
A Oasmaa, P McKeough, E Kuoppala, H Kyllonen
PyNE - pyrolysis network for Europe 711
A V Bridgwater, K Dowden
PRETREATMENT
An overview of development of standard analytical procedures
for biomass feedstocks 723
FA Agblevor, S P Deutch, C Ehrman, R Ruiz
Fuel characteristics of briquettes from wood waste and recycled paper 731
G Danon, T Stevanovic Janezic, B Bujanovic, G Stanojevic
Biomass feedstock variability and its effect on bio-crude oil properties 741
FA Agblevor, S Besler-Guran, D Montane, A E Wislogel
Extraction of hemicelluloses from poplar using a twin-screw reactor:
Influence of the main factors 756
S Ndiaye, L Riga!, C Goyette, P F Vidal
Hot liquid water pre-treatment of lignocellulosics at high solids
concentrations 765
S GAllen, M J Spencer, M J Antal Jr, M S Laser, L R Lynd
Alkaline oxidation of sugar: thermochemical conversion of xylose
from hemicellulose into lactic acid 773
S Raharja, L Rigal, P F Vidal
Emissions of biomass drying 783
L Fagernas, K Sipila
VOLUME2
Preface XV
Acknowledgements xvii
GASIFICATION
Fundamentals
Chemistry of tar formation and maturation in the thermochemical
conversion of biomass 803
R J Evans, T A Milne
Fundamentals of pressurised gasification of biomass 817
C Rosen, E Bjornbom, Q Yu, S Sjostrom
ix
