Table Of Content©EntomologicaFennica.16June2006
Description of the larva of Xestia atrata (Morrison, 1874)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with notes on the biology
of the species
MattiAhola,KimmoSilvonen,HeikkiKronholm,Karl-ErikLundsten
&PekkaRobertSundell
Ahola,M.,Silvonen,K.Kronholm,H.,LundstenK.-E.&Sundell,P.R.2006:
Description of the larva of Xestia atrata (Morrison, 1874) (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae)withnotesonthebiologyofthespecies.—Entomol.Fennica17:65–
72.
The description of the larva is based on an ex ovo rearing. Females laid eggs
mainlyonDryasoctopetala.Larvaewere,however,fedonseveralplants,not
only those of Rosaceae. Photographs of the larva as well as drawings of the
mouthpartsandchaetotaxyareshown.Eggandpupaarebrieflydescribed.Ac-
cordingtothelarvalcharacters,thespeciesshowsresemblancetotheX.speciosa
group. Habitatand rearing experiencearedescribed in comparison with some
otherXestiaspeciesoccurringinthearea.
MattiAhola,Metsänreunantie27G,FI-85900Reisjärvi,Finland;E-mail:matti
@mahola.pp.fi
Kimmo Silvonen, Pronssitie 28, FI-02750 Espoo, Finland; E-mail: kimmo.
[email protected]
HeikkiKronholm,Kyntäjäntie13,FI-45120Kouvola,Finland;E-mail:heikki.
[email protected]
Karl-Erik Lundsten, Rintamamiehentie 7, FI-12650 Espoo, Finland; E-mail:
[email protected]
PekkaRobertSundell,FaunaticaOy,Lansantie3D,FI-02610Espoo,Finland;
E-mail:[email protected]
Received2December2002,accepted18April2003
1.Introduction atrata (Morrison, 1874) and ssp. yukona
(McDunnough, 1921) are Nearctic. Two others
Xestiaatrata(Morrison,1874)occursinconifer- are eastern Palaearctic, namely ssp. filipjevi
ousforestsoftheborealforestzoneacrossCan- (Sheljuzhko, 1926) and ssp. sikhotealinensis
ada(Lafontaineetal.1987)andthePalaearcticas Kononenko,1990(Lafontaineetal.1987,Fibi-
far west as Härjedalen in Sweden (Ryrholm ger1997),andthefifthone,ssp.haraldiFibiger,
1995),KuusamoinFinland(Sundell&Lundsten 1997 (Fibiger 1997), to which the specimens
2000) and South Ural in Russia (Nupponen & fromKuusamobelong,wasdescribedfromSwe-
Fibiger 2002). Populations of X. atrata are ar- den. The early stages of the species have so far
ranged in five subspecies. Two of them, ssp. beenunknown.
66 Aholaetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.17
2.Materialandmethods
A total of 24 specimens of X. atrata were col-
lected in Ks: Kuusamo, Finland (10.–12.VII.
2001, Kronholm, Lundsten and Silvonen leg.).
ThreefemaleslaideggsinplasticjarsmarkedA1,
A2andA3.Thelarvaldescriptionisbasedona
dozenlarvaeofA1sentasovatotheseniorau-
thor.Therearingtookplacein24hartificialday-
light;thefirstspecimenwasfull-grownSeptem-
ber1st.Fivelarvaewerepreservedinalcoholin
Fig.1.EggbatchofX.atrataonDryasoctopetala.
the early instars and two in the last instar after
theydiedduringthewinter.Afewlarvaehiber-
natedsuccessfullyinarefrigeratorandoutdoors.
Fivefull-grownlarvaewerepreservedbyblow- stripe brown, weak. Setal points of head dark
ing. The habitus of the living larvae was de- brown or black without colour spots at bases.
scribedandphotographed. Thehypopharyngeal Frons and anterior zone pale yellowish brown,
complex, labrum and mandibles were prepared adfronsdarkerbrown.Ocellarzoneabove1st–4th
on a slide and drawn with a drawing tube. The ocelliweak,paleyellowishbrown,darkeraround
distances between setae of blown larvae were setae O1 and O2 ventrad from ocelli. Dorsal
measured with a Wild M3 microscope. The de- groups 1–3 of reticular pattern between stripes
scription of chaetotaxy is based on Hinton’s wellvisiblewithpaleyellowishbrownfieldsand
(1946) nomenclature, except setae of the anal narrow, dark brown bands, but groups 4–5 on
platethatfollowsStehr(1987).Thetermsofor- pale yellowish brown gena weak or absent
namentationareaccordingtoBeck(1974,1999). (Fig.2).
ThespeciesnomenclaturefollowsKullbergetal. Thoracic plate. Pale greyish brown, paler
(2002). than dorsal zone of larva. Middorsal and
subdorsalstripesabsent,setalpointsblackwith-
outcolourspotsatbases.Fourtransverserowsof
3.Descriptionofovum,larva tonofibrillary platelets weak, greyish, lateral
andpupa plateletsformingablackishlineonventralmar-
ginofthoracicplate.
3.1.Ovum Anal plate. Yellowish brown with weak,
darkerbrowncolourelementsbetweensetaeD1.
Ova laid in small batches or sometimes singly Setalpointsblack,plateletsdarkbrownwithout
(Fig. 1). Colour cream white when laid, later a thesurroundingpalerflecks.
darkerringdevelopsaroundmicropyle.Unfertil-
ized eggs remain white. Ovum hemispherical,
ribbed and reticulate, as typical for genus. First
larvaehatchedafter10daysinroomtemperature.
Chorionnotconsumed.
3.2.Larva
Ornaments.Headbrownwithdarkerlongitudinal
stripes.Coronalstripedarkbrown,narrow,fron-
tal stripe absent or a dark brown fleck between
setaeAF2andP1,supraocellarstripedarkbrown,
narrow, broken cephalad from seta L1, ocellar Fig.2.HeadoflarvaofX.atratainfrontalview.
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.17 (cid:127) DescriptionofthelarvaofXestiaatrata 67
bordered with a narrow dark brown margin on
bothsides.Dorsalzonegreyishbrownwithaseg-
mentalseriesofpalegreyishareacaudadfromD2
seta to posterior margin of segment. Darker
browncolourelementsformingweakdiamond-
shaped pattern on dorsum, this fleck broken on
8thabdominalsegmentbyapalegreyish-brown
transverse stripe caudad from D2 setae. Setal
pointsblackwithsmall,bicolouredspotsatbases,
thoseofD2setaetouchingsubdorsalline,black
dorsal part of D1 bases well visible. Subdorsal
zonepaleyellowishbrownwithdarkbrowncol-
ourelements.Setalpointsblack,baseofSD1bi-
coloured,blackdorsalpartlargerthanwhiteven-
tral one. Spiracles greyish with black rims sur-
rounded by a dark brown fleck. Pleural zone
greyishbrownwithratherlargewhitecolourele-
ments closer together in position of spiracular
line. The border between subdorsal and pleural
zones obscure. Ventral zone grey mottled by
white colour elements, setae arising from small
palespototherthansetalrim.Abdominalprolegs
pale greyish with reddish tinge. Thoracic legs
greyish, sclerotized part pale yellowish brown
(Fig.3).
Chaetotaxy.SetaSD1hair-likeonthoraxand
Fig.3.LarvaofX.atrataindorsolateralview.
9thabdominalsegment,SVgroupbisetoseinthe
1standtrisetoseinthe2ndabdominalsegment,
setaD22–3timesaslongastheheightofspiracle
Abdomen. Brown with middorsal and sub- ofthe8thabdominalsegment,setaeSD1andSD2
dorsallongitudinallines,supraspiracular(=epi- on2ndand3rdthoracicsegmentconnectedtomus-
stigmatal) and spiracular (= lateral) lines very cleattachmentbydarksclerotizedbar.Ratiosof
weak or absent. Lines yellowish white, narrow, setaldistancesareshowninTable1.
broken to spots, often visible only on posterior Mouthparts. Spinneret flattened, about 2.5
part of segments. Margin of middorsal line timesaslongasbroad,withshortlyfringeddorsal
blackish, narrow, forming intersegmental fleck lip and finely grooved dorsal skin, ventral lip
betweenabdominalsegments1–8,subdorsalline straight,smooth.LengthofLps1oflabialpalpus
Table1.RatiosofsetaldistancesbetweenlarvaeofX.atrataandX.speciosagroup.Abbreviations:Oc1-6=
ocelli,S1–10=abdominalsegments1–10,ST1–8=spiracles1–8.
Ratioofsetae X.atrata X.speciosagroup
Min–Max(Mean,Stdv)N Min–Max(Mean,Stdv)N
Head:A1–F1/A1–A2 1.5–1.7(1.62,0.06)5 1.7–2.4(2.03,0.03)36
Head:P1–A2/A1–A2 1.6–1.9(1.75,0,11)5 1.9–3.2(2.37,0.06)36
Head:Oc1–Oc2/Oc2–Oc3 1.0–1.4(1.23,0.16)5 0.5–1.0(0.79,0.03)36
S2:SD1–SD2/SD2–ST2 2.1–3.3(2.73,0.57)5 1.1–2.4(1.88,0.43)43
S8:SD1–SD2/SD2–ST8 2.7–4.5(3.67,0.79)5 1.6–3.2(2.35,0.06)44
S9:D2–SD1/D1–D2 1.3–1.4(1.38,0.04)5 1.4–2.5(1.64,0.13)42
68 Aholaetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.17
Fig.4.X.atrata,spinne-
ret,stipularsetaeand
spinesofhypopharynx.
–a.Schemeofhypo-
pharyngealspines.–b.
Stipularsetaeindorsal
view.–c.Spinneretand
labialpalpiindorsal
view.Abbreviationsof
hypopharynx:Da=an-
teriordistalspines,Dm
=medialdistalspines,
Dp=posteriordistal
spines,Dl=lateraldistal
spines,Pl=proximo-
lateralteeth,Pdl=proxi-
molateralspinesdorsad
fromlateralteeth,Pm=
medialspinesofposte-
riorregion,Pp=poste-
riorspinesofproximo-
lateralpart.Scale0.1
mm.
short(<2timesaslongasbroad),Lps2shorter 3.3.Pupa
than Lp1, setaLp1 aslong asLp2, shorter than
stipularseta(Fig.4).Hypopharynxisspiny ex- ColourofpupaofX.atrata(Fig.9)similartothat
ceptproximomedialpart,distalregionwithlong ofXestiaspeciosa(Hübner,[1813]).Withmea-
and narrow spines above spinneret, group of surementsofapproximately15mmx5mm,for-
spines of distal lateral part long and broad. The merclearlyshorter.Labium,labialpalpsandfore
stoutlateralteethofhypopharynx(8–12intotal) tibiavisible.Abdominalsegments4to7dorsally
forming a row. Spines above teeth rather short finelypunctured.Middlelegshardlylongerthan
(Figs.4–5).Galeallobeofmaxillaepresentwith antennae or proboscis. Limit of metanotum
twosensillastyloconicaofequalsize,stipitallobe rounded. Spiracles of abdomen narrow, seta L2
finelyspinulated(Fig.6).Labrumroundedwitha caudad from it. Cremaster short, dorsally and
lownotchandlateralsetaeclosetogether(Fig.7). ventrally wrinkled, with a pair of hook-formed
Cutting margin of mandible with normal six strongerD2,setaceousL1locatedclosetoD2and
teeth,twoinnerteethpresentin1stand2ndinner apairofweakSD1setae,setaD1absent.
ridges,threeridgesterminatinginprocessbefore
cuttingmargin(Fig.8).
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.17 (cid:127) DescriptionofthelarvaofXestiaatrata 69
Fig.6.X.atrata,leftmaxillaeandlaciniogaleaindor-
salview.Scale0.1mm.
Fig.5.X.atrata,hypopharynxindorsalview.Scale0.1
mm.
Fig.7.X.atrata,labruminfrontalview.Scale0.1mm.
Fig.8.X.atrata,innersurfaceofleftmandible.Scale
0.1mm. Fig.9.PupaofX.atrata.
70 Aholaetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.17
4.Habitatandbiology larvahibernatesprobablytwice.Inrearingcondi-
tions, the larvae pupated after the hibernation
ThehabitatofX.atratainOulankaisahalf-open withoutfeedinganythingafterlateautumn.
seepsurfacespruceforestwithalushvegetation
due to the calcareous ground. Many limestone-
confined plants, like Dryas octopetala, Actea 5.Discussion
erythrocarpa,Arnicaangustifolia,Saxifragaces-
pitosa,S.aizoidesandSalixreticulata,occurin The larvae resemble those of X. speciosa,
thearea(Jäkäläniemi1993). (Hübner,[1813])andX.mixta(Walker,1856)a
Theplaceisaravine,situatedabout50–80m lot (Lafontaine 1998). Setae SD1 and SD2 are
belowthesurroundingforestarea.Stonesurface connected to muscle attachment on 2nd and 3rd
iswidelyopenbecauseofthesteepwallsofthe thoracicsegmentofatrataandthebodycolouris
ravine.South-exposedslopesareeffectivelyab- brown.ThoracicshieldispalerthanbodyasinX.
sorbingtheheatofthesunbydayandradiateit mixta.Thefollowingdifferencesarefound:
back at night. Piles of bigger and smaller stone
blocks are formed by surface disintegration – Darkbrownflecksarepresentaroundspira-
caused by erosion on the bottom of the ravine. cles of atrata. There is a violet tinge in the
Thecoolnorth-exposedslopesandthebottomof dorsal margin of spiracular line, but dark
the valley are under snow cover till late spring flecksarelackinginspeciosaandmixta.
(Sundell2003). – The ventral zone of atrata is nearly of the
Oneofthefirsttwofemales(A1)capturedon samecolourasthedorsumasopposedtothe
10.7.startedegg-layingduringthenightbetween contrastinglightventralpartofspeciosaand
11.–12.VII.Ofthedozeneggs,10werelaidona mixta.BasespotsofVandSVgroupsofsetae
singlebatchunderneathaDryasleaf,twoothers are,however,pale.
on the beard moss. Other plants available were – Thegroundcolourofatrataismorereddish
Salix reticulata, Polygonum viviparum, Saxi- brown.
fraga aizoides and Vaccinium myrtillus. Dryas – Seta Lp2 of labial palpi are as long as seta
wasaddedtobothjarsinthenextday. Lp1,butshorterthanstipitalseta.
Theotherfemale(A2)startedalsolayingbe- – PositionofsetaA2ofheadislocatedcloserto
tweenthe12thand13thofJuly.Thetwofemales seta P1, ratio of distances P1–A2/A1–A2
laid in total 110 and 90 eggs, respectively. The ranges 1.6–1.9 (mean 1.75, N = 5). In the
specimenof11.VII.(A3)wascapturedonthetop speciosagroupthisratiovaries1.9–3.2(mean
ofthewall,whenitwasflyingonthegroundlevel 2.37,N=36).
near a sugar bait. It laid only five unfertilized – Setal distance D1–D2 of the 9th abdominal
eggs. segmentisratherlong,theratioofdistances
Some 70% of the eggs were laid on Dryas D2–SD1/D1–D2 varies between 1.3–1.4
octopetala.Thesmalljar(diameter4.5cm,height (mean1.38,N=5).Thesameratiovariesin
7.5cm)may notgivearightpictureaboutegg- the speciosa group from 1.4 to 2.5 (mean
laying in more natural circumstances. Newly 1.64,N=42).
hatched larvae were observed sitting on dry – OcellardistanceOc1–Oc2>Oc2–Oc3,ratio
leaves of Dryas and Saxifraga. Several other ofthembetween1.0–1.4(mean1.23,N=5).
plants were accepted as well: Saxifraga hybr. Larvaeofthespeciosagrouphavelongerdis-
arendsii, Filipendula ulmaria, Rubus idaeus, tance between Oc2 and Oc3, Oc1–Oc2<
Polygonumaviculare,P.alpina,Vacciniummyr- Oc2–Ox3(ratio0.5–1.0,mean0.79,N=36).
tillus,V.uliginosum,V.vitis-idaea(notwell),and
Empetrumnigrum(notwell).Theydidnotfeed According to Lafontaine (1998), the larva ofX.
on Taraxacum sp., Rumex acetosella, Plantago ursae(McDunnough,1940)isclosetothatofX.
major, Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Alnus in- atrata. Larvae of the both species have ventral
cana,PopulustremulaorBetulapubescens.Last setaearisingfromapalespot,setaeSD1andSD2,
twoinstarlarvaefedalsoonLarixsibirica.The however,theyarenotconnectedtomuscleattach-
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.17 (cid:127) DescriptionofthelarvaofXestiaatrata 71
Table2.TheflightseasonofXestiaatratainrelationtotheotherXestiaspeciesinOulankain2001.
7.–17.6. 18.–26.6. 27.6.–8.7. 9.–15.7. 16.–25.7. 26.7.–12.8.
Xestiagelida 0 2 40 0 2 0
Xestiasincera 0 5 51 1 0 0
Xestiaatrata 0 1 1 9 3 0
Xestiaspeciosa 0 0 2 355 4,860 1,293
Xestiadistensa 0 0 0 2 39 5
Xestiaalpicola 0 0 0 3 97 22
Xestiafennica 0 0 0 10 897 653
menton2ndand3rdthoracicsegmentofX.ursae. their flight in the early season. X. brunneopicta
FollowingthekeyofBeck(1999),theornamen- (Matsumura,1925)mightalsobeconsideredbe-
tation of X. atrata larva resembles that of X. longingtothisgroup,basedonthefewrecordsin
speciosa,too.Thelarvaeofdifferentpopulations Oulankaarea.Xestiaspeciosa,X.distensa,X.al-
ofX.lorezivarymuchaspointedoutbyAhola& picola(Zetterstedt,1839)andX.fennica(Brandt,
Lafontaine (1990). The possible variation be- 1936) do not start their flight until the other
tween larval stages of X. atrata subspecies re- group’sflightperiodisalmostover(Table2).The
mainsunknowntous. three X. atrata specimens in 1999 were caught
Xestia species (subgenus Pachnobia) are between21.VI.and25.XII.Nospecimenswere
known to usually feed on Vaccinium (Brandt foundin2000despiteoftheextensivebait-trap-
1937,Brown&McGuffin1942,Imby&Palm- ping.In2001,additional14specimenswerecap-
qvist 1978, Seppänen 1970, Ahola & Silvonen turedbybaittrappingbetween18.VI.–25.VII.
1981, Lafontaine 1998) and other herbs, while
Dryasisknownasafoodplantonlyforhigharctic Acknowledgements. We are grateful to Lauri Kaila for
species,e.g.X.lyngei(Rebel,1923)(J.Silvonen, valuable discussion and comments on the manuscript.
Thanksarealsoduetotwoanonymousrefereesfortheir
pers. comm.). According to Hydén & Sjökvist
constructivecriticism.
(1993), young X. sincera (Herrich-Schäffer,
1851)larvaefeedonVacciniummyrtillusandaf-
terthesecondhibernationonPiceaexcelsa(see References
also Valkeila 1963, Skvortsov & Thompson
1973).X.borealis(Nordström,1933)mayhave
Ahola, M. & Lafontaine, J. D. 1990: Larvae of Xestia
thesamestrategy(Várkonyi&Ahola2001).The kolymae(Herz)andXestialorezi(Staudinger))(Lepi-
authorsvisitedthehabitatofX.atrataon24.VI. doptera:Noctuidae),withnotesonthegeographical
2000tryingtobeatorsweeplarvae,butwithout variationofthelatter.—Ent.Scand.21:77–90.
Ahola,M.&Silvonen,J.1981:Theimmaturestagesof
success. Only larvae of Xestia speciosa, X.
Xestia kongsvoldensis and X. tecta (Lepidoptera:
sinceraandX.tecta(Hübner,[1808])werefound.
Noctuidae).—NotulaeEnt.61:183–189.
No larvae were searched for on the steep wall. Beck,H.1974:ZurBeschreibungderZeichnung(Orna-
TheDryasandSaxifragacarpetsonthebottomof mentik)vonInsektenlarven.EineAnleitungamBei-
the ravine were neither investigated. The host spielvonNoktuidenlarven.—Atalanta5:121–143.
Beck,H.1999:DieLarvenderEuropäischenNoctuidae.
plantpreferencesofthelarva,ifdifferingclearly
—Herbipoliana,Vol.I.
fromtheotherspeciesofthegenus,arepossibly
Brandt, W. 1937: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung
related to its habitat selection. The natural food AnomogynaStgr.—Entomol.Rdsch.55:93–97.
plantofX.atrataremainsunknownuntilmorere- Brown,A.W.A&McGuffin,W.C.1942:Newdescrip-
searchinthefieldisdone. tionsoflarvaeofforestinsects;II,Anomogyna(Lepi-
TheXestiaspeciescaughtbybaittrapsinthe doptera,Phalaenidae).—Can.Entomol.74:21–25.
Fibiger,M.1997:NoctuidaeEuropaeae.VolIII,Noctuinae
OulankaLepidopterasurveycanbedividedinto
III.—Sorø.
twophenologicalgroups.Xestiasincera,X.geli-
Hinton,H.E.1946:Onthehomologyandnomenclatureof
da(Sparre-Schneider,1883)andX.atratabegin thesetaeoflepidopterouslarvae,withsomenoteson
72 Aholaetal. (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.17
thephylogenyoftheLepidoptera.—Trans.R.Ent. scription of a new Dichagyris (Lepidoptera: Lasio-
Soc.Lond.97:1–37. campidae,Endromidae,Saturnidae,Sphingidae,No-
Hydén,N.&Sjökvist,P.1993:Barrskogsfjällflyet,Xestia todontidae, Noctuidae, Pantheidae, Lymantriidae,
sincera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), och det moderna Nolidae,Arctiidae).—Phegea30(4):121–185.
storskaligaskogsbruket[Xestiasincera(Lepidoptera, Ryrholm,N.1995:Intressantafyndavstorfjärilar(Macro-
Noctuidae)andthemodernlargescaleforestry].— lepidoptera)ISverige1994.—Entomol.Tidskr.116:
Entomol.Tidskr.114(1–2):1–11. 31–45.
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Noctuidae).—Entomol.Tidskr.99:97–107. Skvortsov,V.&Thomson,E.1973:DerVorkommenund
Jäkäläniemi,A.1993:Threatenedvascularplantsofsome Ekologie von Amathes sincera (Lep.Noctuidae) in
rocksintheOulankaNationalpark,northeasternFin- Estland.—Entomol.Z.83(10):117–120.
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luettelo.—SahlbergiaVol.6:45–190. Suomelle vanha yökköslaji (Xestia atrata – an old
Lafontaine,J.D.1998:Noctuoidea,Noctuidae(part).— noctuidspeciestoFinland).—Baptria25:92–95.
InDominick,R.B.&al.(eds.),TheMothsofAmerica Sundell,P.R.2003:Tummaharmoyökköselvitys(Xestia
NorthofMexico,fasc.27.3. atrata)Oulangankansallispuistossa2003(AnInven-
Lafontaine,J.D.,Mikkola,K.&Kononenko,V.S.1987:A toryofXestiaatratainOulankaNationalPark2003).
revisionofthegenusXestiasubg.Pachnobia(Lepi- —RaporttiPerhostensuojelutoimikunnalle.
doptera: Noctuidae), with descriptions of four new Valkeila,E.1963:ZurKenntnisderRaupevonAnomo-
speciesandsubspecies.—Entomol.Scand.18:305– gynasinceraH.S.(Lep.,Noctuidae)undihrerLebens-
331. weise.—Ann.Entomol.Fenn.29:249–252.
Nupponen, K. & Fibiger, M. 2002: Contribution to the Várkonyi,G.&Ahola,M.2001:Notesonthelarvalbio-
knowledgeofthefaunaofBombyces,Sphingesand logyofXestiaborealis(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).—
NoctuidaeoftheSouthernUralMountains,withde- Entomol.Fennica12:78–80.
