department of agronomy college of agriculture, dapoli

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DAPOLI
DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, DAPOLI
___________________________________________________________________________________

Name of the student : Mr. KANKAL VIJAY YADAVRAV
Regd. No. : 156
Degree : Ph.D.(Ag.)
Discipline : Agronomy
Research Guide : Dr. U. V. Mahadkar
Director of Research,
Dr. B.S.K.K.V, Dapoli.
Dist. Ratnagiri.
Thesis Title : Effect of establishment techniques,
weed control and integrated nutrient
management on growth, yield and
quality of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Year of the award of degree : 2015

ABSTRACT
Two years research experiment was conducted during Kharif season
of 2013 and 2014 to investigate the, “Effect of establishment techniques,
weed control and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and
quality of drilled rice (Oryza sativa L.),” at Agronomy Farm, College of
Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.). The soil of the experimental plot
was clay loam in texture, moderately acidic in reaction, high in organic
carbon content. It was medium in available nitrogen, low in available
phosphorus and fairly high in available potassium. In respect of
micronutrients the soil was deficient in available zinc, boron and
molybdenum content during the both years of experimentation.
The field experiment was laid out in split-split plot design comprising
36 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Main plot treatment consisted
of four crop establishment techniques, raised bed dry seed sowing (E ),
1
raised bed sprouted seed sowing (E ), flat bed dry seed sowing (E ) and flat
2 3
bed sprouted seed sowing (E ). The sub plot treatment consisted, unweeded
4
control treatment (W ), weed free check (hand weed at 20, 40 and 60 DAS)
1
(W ) and pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-
2
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emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha (W ) while, sub-
3
sub plot treatment comprised of three fertilizer management methods,
recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F ), recommended dose of
1
fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F ) and recommended
2
dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo
(F ).
3
During the course of present investigation, periodical growth
observations, weed study, yield contributing characters and yield were
recorded to evaluate the treatment effects. The concentration of macro (N, P
and K) and micronutrients (Zn, B and Mo) and its uptake by the rice and
concentration of macronutrients (N, P and K) in weeds and its uptake was
studied. Economics of the treatment combinations was also worked out.
The experimental results revealed that plant count of rice/0.5 m
length at 20 DAS and at harvest was non significantly influenced due to all
treatments. But on ha basis significantly the highest plant population was
recorded in flat beds than raised beds. Rice crop established by flat bed
sprouted seed sowing technique recorded numerically higher growth and
yield attributes. These attributes along with significantly higher plant
population resulted into significantly higher grain and straw yield over the
techniques of raised bed dry seed sowing and raised bed sprouted seed
sowing. Weed density, dry weight of grass, broad leaved and sedge weeds
and total dry weight of weeds were not found significantly influenced by
various establishment techniques. Flat bed sprouted seed sowing gave
significantly higher values of macro and micronutrients uptake over
technique of raised bed dry seed sowing. The available status of macro and
micronutrients after harvest of experimental crop was not differed
significantly by various crop establishment techniques. The quality
parameter i.e. protein content was also non significantly influenced by
various establishment techniques.
In case of economics, it was observed that flat bed sprouted seed
sowing recorded significantly the highest gross returns of ₹ 62150 and
₹57268/ha, net returns of ₹ 4847 and ₹1075/ha, and numerically maximum
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benefit cost ratios of 1.09 and 1.02 during the years 2013 and 2014,
respectively.
Among different weed control methods, treatment weed free check
found significantly superior for all the growth parameters and yield
attributing characters over unweeded control and was found statistically at
par with the treatment of pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12
kg/ha + post- emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha.
The grain yield, straw yield and protein content were significantly
enhanced and recorded higher values under treatment of weed free check
than unweeded control and was statistically at par with the treatment of
pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence
application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha. The mean density and dry
weight of monocot, broad leaved and sedge weeds at 40, 60, 80 DAS and at
harvest, were significantly maximum under treatment unweeded control and
significantly the lowest in weed free check which was followed by treatment
pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence
application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha which were at par each
other during both the years of investigation. The highest and the lowest
weed index values were recorded by unweeded control and pre-emergence
application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of
bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha, respectively. Weed free check recorded
the highest weed control efficiency. Significantly higher N,P and K content in
grain and straw and their uptake in grain, straw and their total uptake by
rice was found in weed free check followed by treatment of pre-emergence
application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-emergence application of
bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha which were at par with each other but
significantly superior than unweeded control during both the years of study.
Micronutrient content were found non significant in grain and straw
whereas uptake of these nutrients by grain and straw total uptake by crop
showed same trend as that of macronutrients uptake under both the years
of study.
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Unweeded control recorded significantly the highest and weed free
check significantly the lowest N, P, K content and their removal by weeds
over remaining weed control methods. The availability of macro and
micronutrients in soil after crop harvest was found non significant during
both years.
With respects to economics weed free check gave significantly the
highest gross returns followed by treatment pre-emergence application of
oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-emergence application of bispyribac-sodium
@ 0.025 kg/ha which was statistically at par each other but significantly
superior over unweeded control during both years. Weed free check gave
significantly the highest net returns (₹ 6,362/ha in 2013 and ₹ 3,249/ha in
2014) over unweeded control. The highest values of benefit :cost ratio (1.13
and 1.08 in 2013 and 2014, respectively) were recorded by treatment pre-
emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence
application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha.
Fertilizer management method of recommended dose of fertilizer +
FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F ) found
3
significantly superior for all growth parameters and most of yield attributing
characters than treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F )
1
and was at par with the treatment recommended dose of fertilizer +
micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F ) during both the years of
2
experimentation.
The grain and straw yield were significantly enhanced and recorded
higher values under treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha
+ micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F ) than treatment
3
recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F ) and was remained at par
1
with treatment recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of
Zn, B and Mo (F ) during both the years of experimentation.
2
Weed density of grasses, broad leaved weeds, sedges and their dry
weight at harvest were not differed significantly during both the years.
Moreover, no much variation was observed in weed control efficiency.
However, less weed index (%) value were recorded in treatment of
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recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of
Zn, B and Mo (F ).
3
The macro and micronutrients content in rice grain, straw and protein
content of grain gave numerically higher values whereas, uptake of macro
and micronutrients by grain and straw and total uptake by crop showed
significantly the highest values in treatment recommended dose of fertilizer
+ FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F ). The
3
availability of macro and micro nutrients in soil after crop harvest was also
found non significantly influenced during both the years of study.
From economics it is seen that, treatment recommended dose of
fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo (F ) gave
3
significantly the highest gross monetary returns over treatment
recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha (F ). The treatment
1
recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo
(F ) gave significantly the highest net monetary returns (₹10,927 and
2
₹8,521/ha in year 2013 and 2014, respectively) over rest of the treatments
during both the years. The economic profitability was also achieved in this
treatment (1.22 and 1.17 benefit:cost ratio in year 2013 and 2014,
respectively).
In respect of economics of different treatment combinations, the
maximum gross monetary returns (₹ 78,311/ha during 2013 and ₹ 71,953/ha
during 2014 were obtained in flat bed sprouted seed sowing with weed free
check and supplied with recommended dose of fertilizer + FYM 5 t/ha +
micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo i.e. E W F and net monetary
4 2 3
returns in treatment combination of E W F i.e. flat bed sprouted seed
4 3 2
sowing with pre-emergence application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post-
emergence application of bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha and supplied
with recommended dose of fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and
Mo of ₹ 24,312/ha during 2013.
The highest B:C ratio of 1.50 and 1.42 were recorded by treatment
combination E W F i.e. flat bed sprouted seed sowing with pre-emergence
4 3 2
application of oxadiargyl @ 0.12 kg/ha + post- emergence application of
50
bispyribac-sodium @ 0.025 kg/ha and supplied with recommended dose of
fertilizer + micronutrient foliar spray of Zn, B and Mo over rest of treatment
combinations.

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important staple food grain crop of
the world which constitutes the principle food for about 60 per cent of the
world‟s population. In India, rice cultivation contributes to the total food
grain production by 43 per cent and to the total cereal grains production by
46 per cent. The Asia-Pacific region produces and consumes more than 90
percent of the world‟s rice. Rice based production system provides the
income and employment for more than 50 million households.Therefore rice
is not only a staple food of the region but also a way of life.
Rice believed to have originated in Asia. Ancient records showed that
the Greek were introduced rice in India around 326 B.C. from there, it
spread across Europe for the next 2000 years. It was brought to the new
world (South and North America) by European settlers in the late 17th
century. Domesticated rice belongs to Gramineae family with two species,
Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima, Oryza sativa is native to tropical and
subtropical southern Asia and African rice, Oryza glaberrima is native to
West Africa. Studies have been suggested that there are three groups of
Oryza sativa cultivars. The short grained „Japonica‟ or „Sinica‟ varieties by
Japanese rice, the broad grained „Javanica‟ varieties, which thrive under
tropical condition and „Indica‟ from South East Asia.
Rice is cultivated on about 163.1 million hectares area with total
production of 722.56 million tonnes with average productivity of 4.4
tonnes/ha at world level (Anonymous 2012). India is the world‟s second
largest rice producer and consumer next to China. Total area under rice in
India was 42.56 million hectares with annual production of 104.32 million
tonnes during 2012 (Anonymous, 2012). The major rice growing districts in
Maharashtra are Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg along with the
west coast and Bhandara and Chandrapur in the eastern parts of the states.
Rice is also grown in minor areas of Tuljapur, Parbhani, Western Ghat of
Pune, Satara, and Kolhapur.
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In Maharashtra, area under rice is 15.18 lakh ha with 26.88 lakh
tones production. Average productivity of rice is 2.13 tones/ha in India and
1.68 tones/ha in Maharashtra, which are far below the world‟s average of
3.7 tones/ha. In Konkan, rice is cultivated over an area of 4.20 lakh
hectares with an annual production of about 10.07 lakh tones with average
productivity of 2.40 tones/ha (Anonymous, 2014). The main reasons for low
productivity in Konkan are untimely/delayed transplanting, low plant
population per unit area, broadcast application of fertilizers in imbalanced
proportion, poor water and weed management practices etc.
During green revolution period in latter part of the last century, high
yielding varieties (HYVs) of rice and wheat responsive to fertilizers and
irrigation, were developed besides enhancing crop productivity, have
brought up with the problems of weeds to the fore front. For ever increasing
human population, need in present Era requires greater food grain
production with minimum cost. Although it should of affordable to the
consumers and profitable to the farmers with emphasis on conservation of
natural resources which has been the prime concern in agriculture
therefore, it is essential to spell check sustainable agronomical practices
that are economically viable, practically feasible and environmentally
sound.
Direct seeded rice is an ancient practice of rice cultivation in India
particularly in rainfed areas where farmers totally eliminate costlier
practices like raising seedlings and transplanting them in another puddled
field as practiced in high rainfall regions of tropics. However ancient
practices like Rab cultivation, seedlings are raised separately, and
transplant in the puddled field.
Rice in Konkan is being grown mostly as puddled transplanted crop.
This method of cultivation involves labour intensive practices like traditional
‘Rab’, raising seedlings, uprooting and transplanting them in puddled fields.
The term ‘Rab locally called Bhajavani/Bhajnaval is a traditional practice of
heating surface area of nursery soil for raising seedlings of rice and hill
millets by burning valuable organics arranged one over the other viz., dry
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dung cakes, tree/shrub loppings, paddy straw, fodder grasses, leaf litter
collected from distant forest areas and road side tree avenues which is
sprinkled with dung slurry and finally a thin layer of silt rich in partially
decomposed organic matter (Gawar) is uniformly spread over for making
burning process slow and effective for destroying weed seeds, their
vegetative propgules, besides soil borne insects and pathogens.
The productivity and sustainability of rice-based systems are
threatened because of (i) the inefficient use of inputs (fertilizer, water,
labour); (ii) increasing scarcity of resources, especially water and labour; (iii)
changing climate; (iv) the emerging energy crises and rising fuel prices; (v)
the rising cost of cultivation; and (vi) emerging socio-economic changes such
as urbanization, migration of labour, preference of non-agricultural work,
concern about farm-related pollution.
Puddling benefits rice by reducing water percolation losses, controlling
weeds, facilitating easy seedling establishment, and creating anaerobic
conditions to enhance nutrient availability. But repeated puddling adversely
affect soil physical properties by destroying soil aggregates, reducing
permeability in subsurface layers and forming hard-pans at shallow depths,
all of which can negatively affect the following non-rice upland crop in
rotation. Moreover, puddling and transplanting require large amount of
water and labour, both of which are becoming increasingly scarce and
expensive, making rice production less profitable. Also, the drudgery
involved in transplanting- a job largely done by women- is of serious
concern. All these factors demand a major shift from puddled-transplanted
rice production to direct seeding of rice in irrigated areas (Virender Kumar
and Ladha, 2011).
Direct sowing in the form of drilling is a quicker, easier and
economical method which needs specific seed rate for optimum plant
population taking into consideration local agro-ecological conditions. Many a
times when manually operated seed drill is used for sowing, initial plant
population per unit area is generally more with less scope for tillering and
smaller panicle size resulting in poor productivity. By using drum seeder
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optimum plant population can be maintained. However, the weed
infestation is the main problem in case of direct seeded rice. This is because
weed and crop seeds germinate at the same time resulting in greater
competition for space, light, nutrients and moisture from early stage of crop
growth which brings down the yield drastically.
Increased industrialization coupled with increased wage rates and
changed psychology of rural youths for white collared jobs has not only
reduced availability of farm labours but also increased cost of production
thus making cultivation of seasonal crops to be uneconomical propositions.
Often farmers need to sustain economic losses while growing crops like rice
by following traditional practices of rice cultivation in this region. Therefore,
possibility of growing direct seeded rice in Konkan is need of the present era.
Accordingly many farmers and research workers have started work for
developing technology of growing direct seeded rice.
Direct sowing of rice is quicker, easier and economical one, but the
infestation of weeds in such crop is the main problem. Weed pressure is
often two to three times more in direct seeded rice as compared to
transplanted one. The yield losses due to weeds range from 36 per cent in
case of transplanted rice and as high as 84 per cent in case of direct sown
rice (Ravichandran, 1991). Research has been shown that, in the absence of
effective weed control options, yield losses are greater in direct seeded rice
than in transplanted rice (Baltazar and De Datta, 1992; Rao et al. 2007).
Weeds are more problematic in direct seeded rice than in transplanted rice
because (1) emerging seedlings are less competitive with concurrently
emerging weeds and (2) the initial flush of weeds is not controlled by
flooding in wet and dry direct seeded rice (Rao et al. 2007). However, Pillai
and Rao, 1974 reported the extent of yield reduction due to infestation of
weeds to be 15-20 per cent under transplanted system and 30-35 per cent
under direct seeded system.
Out of the several factors, weeds form a serious negative factor in crop
production and are responsible for marked losses in crop yields. Weeds grow
faster than the crop plants and thus absorb the available nutrients earlier,
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