Dendritic Neurotransmitter Release

344 Pages·2005·23.05 MB·English

by  A. Claudio Cuello (auth.)

Dendritic
Neurotransmitter Release
Edited by Mike Ludwig
Dendritic Neurotransmitter
Release
Dendritic Neurotransmitter
Release
Edited by
Mike Ludwig
Edinburgh University Medical School
Edinburgh, Scotland
Springer
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dendritic neurotransmitter release/edited by Mike Ludwig.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-387-22933-7
1. Neural transmission. 2. Dendrites. 3. Neurotransmitters. I. Ludwig, Mike.
QP364.5.D46 2004
612.8'1—dc22
2004058904
ISBN 0-387-22933-7
Printed on acid-free paper.
©2005 Springer Science4-Business Media, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or
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Printed in the United States of America
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Preface
The transmission of the nervous impulse is always from the dendritic branches and the cell body to the axon or
functional process. Every neuron, then, possesses a receptor apparatus, the body and the dendritic
prolongations, an apparatus of emission, the axon, and the apparatus of distribution, the terminal arborization
of the nerve fibers. I designated the foregoing principle: the theory of dynamic polarization (Cajal 1923).
Ever since the beautiful drawings from Golgi and Cajal, we have been familiar with
the organisation of neurones into dendritic, somatic and axonal compartments. Cajal
proposed that these cellular compartments were specialised, resulting in his concept of
^dynamic polarisation'. He considered dendrites to be passive elements that simply
transferred information from inputs to the soma. Since the discovery that dendrites of
many neural populations release neuroactive substances and in doing so, alter neuronal
output, it is now apparent that this theory requires qualification.
This book presents recent developments in the neurophysiology of dendritic release
of several chemical classes of transmitters in a number of different areas of the
mammalian central nervous system. Once released from a neuron, these substances can
act as neurotransmitters and/or neuromodulators, to autoregulate the original neuron, its
synaptic inputs, and adjacent cells or, by volume transmission, to affect distant cells. In
some systems, dendritic transmitter release is part independent of secretion from axon
terminal signifying a selective control of the dendritic compartment.
Dendritic transmitter release is a fast moving and rapidly expanding field in
neuroscience research, which is fundamentally sdtering our understanding of the
behaviour of the brain. Indeed, modulation of neuronal function by dendritic transmitter
release appears to be a conmion feature rather than a specific phenomenon of individual
populations of neurones. The book highUghts the diversity and importance of dendritic
transmitter release in normal neuronal function and disease.
I thank the participating authors for their excellent contributions to this book.
Together, we hope that the book is of interest for scientists and students in neuroscience
and physiology and to anyone interested in the functioning of the brain.
Mike Ludwig
Edinburgh, June 2004
CONTENT
1. DENDRITIC NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE,
FROM EARLY DAYS TO TODAY'S CHALLENGES 1
A. Claudio Cuello
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SOME FUNDAMENTAL HISTORICAL IDEAS ABOUT THE NATURE
OF THE DENDRITIC PROCESSES 1
3. THE CASE FOR DENDRITIC RELEASE OF DOPAMINE FROM
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA NEURONS 4
4. THE RELEASE OF GAB A FROM THE OLFACTORY BULB GRANULE
CELL DENDRITES 7
5. THE DENDRITIC RELEASE OF NEUROACTP/E PEPTIDES FROM
DENDRITIC BRANCHES OF PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS 8
6. REFLECTIONS ON OTHER POSSIBLE ROLES OF DENDRITES IN
CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION 10
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 11
8. REFERENCES 11
2. MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF DENDRITES AND DENDRITIC
SECRETION 15
John F. Morris
1. INTRODUCTION 15
2. NEURONAL SYSTEMS USED TO STUDY DENDRITES 16
3. REGULATION OF DENDRITIC MORPHOLOGY 16
4. MORPHOLOGY OF DENDRITES OF PEPTIDERGIC NEURONS 18
5. PEPTIDE-CONTAINING SECRETORY VESICLES IN DENDRITES 21
6. VISUALISATION OF SECRETION OF OXYTOCIN AND
VASOPRESSIN FROM DENDRITES 23
7. DENDRITIC SECRETION AND CONTROL OF SYNAPTIC INPUT 25
8. CONCLUSION 28
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 28
10. REFERENCES 29
3. THE LIFECYCLE OF SECRETORY VESICLES: IMPLICATIONS FOR
DENDRITIC NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE 35
David K. Apps, Michael A. Cousin, Rory R. Duncan, Ullrich K. Wiegand and
Michael J. Shipston.
1. INTRODUCTION 35
2. OVERVIEW OF REGULATED EXOCYTOSIS 36
2.1. Types of secretory vesicle 36
2.2. Tools for studying secretion at the level of secretory vesicles 36
2.3. Secretory vesicle pools 36
3. COMPARISON OF EXOCYTOSIS OF SVs AND LDCVs 37
3.1. Vesicle biogenesis and the synaptic vesicle lifecycle 37
3.2. Calcium triggering of vesicle fusion 40
3.3. Organisation of vesicle pools 40
3.4. Retrieval of vesicles after fusion 41
4. MOLECULAR EVENTS 41
4.1. The reserve vesicle pool 42
4.2. Tethering and docking 43
4.3. Priming 44
4.4. Membrane fusion 45
4.5. The calcium sensor 45
4.6. The fusion pore 46
4.7. Endocytosis 46
4.8. Kiss-and-run exocytosis 47
5. REGULATED EXOCYTOSIS IN DENDRITES 47
5.1. Evidence for vesicular release 47
5.2. Vesicle targeting 48
5.3. Molecules & mechanisms 48
5.4. Calcium dependence 49
5.5. Vesicle recychng & priming 49
6. CONCLUSION 50
7. REFERENCES 50
4. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DENDRITES RELEVANT TO
DENDRITIC TRANSMITTER RELEASE 55
Amd Roth and Michael Hausser
1. INTRODUCTION 55
2. THE PASSIVE ELECTRICAL STRUCTURE OF DENDRITES 56
3. ACTIVE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DENDRITES 60
4. SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVES 63
ix
5. REFERENCES 65
Classical transmitter
5. SOMATODENDRITIC DOPAMINE RELEASE IN MIDBRAIN 69
Stephanie J. Cragg and Margaret Rice
1. INTRODUCTION 69
2. EXPERIMENTAL PARADIGMS TO STUDY SOMATODENDRITIC
DOPAMINE RELEASE 70
3. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SOMATODENDRITIC DOPAMINE
RELEASE? 71
3.1. Somatodendritic dopamine is required for basal ganglia-mediated
movement 71
3.2. Somatodendritic dopamine signalling via volume transmission 72
4. REGULATION OF SOMATODENDRITIC DOPAMINE BY UPTAKE
TRANSPORTERS 72
5. WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF RELEASE? 74
5.1. Ca^* dependence of somatodendritic DA release 74
5.2. Anatomical issues 76
5.3. Reversal of the DAT 76
6. RECEPTOR REGULATION OF RELEASE 77
6.1. Autoreceptor regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release 77
6.2. Heteroreceptor regulation of somatodendritic dopamine release 77
7. CONCLUSIONS 78
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 79
9. REFERENCES 79
6. DOPAMINE RELEASE IN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA:
RELEASE MECHANISMS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
IN MOTOR CONTROL 85
Pilip Bergquist and Hans Nissbrandt
1. INTRODUCTION 85
2. RELEASE MECHANISMS 86
2.1. Complex and delicate structures means complex and delicate
problems 86
2.2. The calcium dependency of somatodendritic dopamine release 87
2.3. Is somatodendritic dopamine released by exocytosis or by carrier
reversal? 89
3. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF SOMATODENDRITIC DOPAMINE
RELEASE IN MOTOR CONTROL 91
4. FUTURE PROSPECTS 95
3.1. Release mechanisms 95
3.2. Somatodendritic dopamine release and motor control 96
5. REFERENCES 96
7. NEUROTRANSMITTER MECHANISMS AT DENDRODENDRITIC
SYNAPSES IN THE OLFACTORY BULB 101
Nathan E. Schoppa
1. INTRODUCTION 101
2. OLFACTORY BULB ANATOMY 101
3. MECHANISMS OF DENDRITIC NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE 103
4. SYNAPTIC ACTIONS OF DENDRITIC NEUROTRANSMITTER
RELEASE 104
4.1. Self-excitation of mitral cells 105
4.2. Lateral excitation of mitral cells 105
4.3. Granule cell excitation/mitral cell inhibition 108
4.4. Effects of transmitter-release from PG cell dendrites 110
5. FUNCTIONS BSf OLFACTORY PROCESSING 110
6. CONCLUSIONS 112
7. REFERENCES 113
8. CLASSICAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS AS RETROGRADE
MESSENGERS IN LAYER 2/3 OF NEOCORTEX:
EMPHASIS ON GLUTAMATE AND GABA 117
Yuri Zilberter and Tibor Harkany
1. INTRODUCTION 117
2. RETROGRADE SIGNALLING AT INHIBITORY NEOCORTICAL
SYNAPSES: DENDRITIC GLUTAMATE RELEASE 118
3. RETROGRADE SIGNALLING IN PYRAMIDAL CELL-BITUFTED
INTERNEURON EXCITATORY SYNAPSES: SPOTLIGHT ON GABA 124
4. CAN RETROGRADE SIGNALLING BE LOCALIZED TO ACTIVE
SYNAPTIC CONTACTS? 125
5. FUNCTIONAL IMPORTANCE OF RETROGRADE SIGNALLING IN
LOCAL NEOCORTICAL NETWORKS 126
6. CONCLUSIONS 128
7. SOME UNRESOLVED QUESTIONS 128
8. REFERENCES 129
9. THE THALAMIC INTERNEURONE 133
S. Murray Sherman
1. INTRODUCTION 133
2. OUTPUTS OF THE INTERNEURON 133
3. TRIADS AND GLOMERULI 135
4. CELLULAR PROPERTIES OF THE INTERNEURON 135
5. CONTROL OF THE F2 TERMINALS AND FUNCTIONING OF THE
XI
TRIAD 139
5.1. Activation of the parabrachial input 140
5.2. Activation of the retinal input 140
5.3. Effects on contrast gain control or adaptation 141
5.4. Effects on voltage sensitive properties 141
6. CONCLUSIONS 142
7. REFERENCES 142
10. RELEASE OF NORADRENALINE IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS 145
Olga L. Pudovkina and Ben H. C. Westerink
1. INTRODUCTION 145
2. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LC NEURONS 146
3. RELEASE OF NORADRENALINE FROM THE LC 147
4. ROLE OF AUTOADRENOCEPTORS IN THE LC 148
4.1. Alpha2-adrenoceptors 148
4.2. Alphai-adrenoceptors 1^9
5. AFFERENT REGULATION OF NORADRENALINE RELEASE 151
6. THE FUNCTION OF NORADRENALINE IN THE LC 151
6.1. Impulse flow driven or not? 151
6.2. Other possible functions of noradrenaUne in the LC 152
7. REFERENCES 152
11. REGULATION OF SOMATODENDRITIC SEROTONIN RELEASE IN
THE MIDBRAIN RAPHE NUCLEI OF THE RAT 155
Laszlo G. Harsing, Jr.
1. INTRODUCTION 155
2. SOMATODENDRITIC 5-HT RELEASE 156
2.1. Ion channels in the regulation of somatodendritic 5-HT release 157
2.2. Compartmentalization of [3HJ5-HT in raphe sHces 159
3. 5-HT RECEPTOR-REGULATION OF 5-HT RELEASE 160
3.1. Feedback inhibition of 5-HT release: 5-HTl receptor subtypes 160
3.2. Feedback simulation of 5-HT release: the role of 5-HT3 receptors 163
4. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS IN THE REGULATION
OF 5-HT RELEASE IN RAPHE NUCLEI 165
4.1. The role of K^ channels in the autoregulation of somatodendritic
5-HT release 166
4.2. The role of Ca^"*^ channels in the autoregulation of somatodendritic
5-HT release 166
4.3. Signal transduction processes in the autoregulation of 5-HT release 166
4.4. Cellular signal transduction processes regulate development and
suspension of 5-HT release autoinhibition 168
5. CONCLUSION 169
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 170
7. REFERENCES 171