Democracy and Truth: A Short History

137 Pages·2018·1.15 MB·English

by  Sophia Rosenfeld

Democracy and Truth
Democracy and Truth
A Short History
Sophia Rosenfeld
For Matthew
Contents
A Very Short Introduction
1. The Problem of Democratic Truth
2. Experts at the Helm
3. The Populist Reaction
4. Democracy in an Age of Lies
Notes
Acknowledgments
A Very Short Introduction
This book is intended as a short history in two senses. First, the whole amounts
to only about two hundred pages. Second, the timeframe has been radically
circumscribed; it covers not the entire story of democracy going back to the
ancient world but rather its modern manifestation since the eighteenth century.
The central premise is that a historically particular and even peculiar relationship
between democracy and truth took root roughly two hundred fifty years ago on
both sides of the Atlantic, and this relationship has shaped political life into the
twenty-first century—in the United States and with important variations, in
capitalist democracies around the globe. To understand the apparent crisis in
truth today requires grappling with this history.
What this glance backward reveals, first and foremost, is that truth under the
conditions of modern democracy has always been fragile. Truth—meaning
doubly the opposite of lies (in moral terms) and the opposite of mistaken beliefs
and erroneous information (in terms of epistemology)—has been touted as a key
democratic value from the get-go. Republics and, later, modern democracies
have long prided themselves on both building on and generating truths in ways
that constitute a striking departure from absolutist rule, whether in the mold of
King Louis XIV or in the style of the modern dictator. That’s why the seemingly
brazen flourishing of misinformation and falsehoods in public life now can strike
us as so shocking. And yet, democratic truth has never had any precise contours
or content. Even if honesty, transparency, and factuality have, since the
Enlightenment, been held in high regard as political values, truth has generally
been understood not as dogma, but as the product of multiple constituencies in
an inegalitarian world pursuing it according to varied methods and as continually
open to fresh challenges and revision. No one can call all the shots. That means
truth has also always been precarious, not to mention wrapped up in social strife
along class, racial, religious, and educational lines. It has also been regularly
subject to attempted hijackings—from above and from below, from the left and
from the right—as different cohorts have worked hard to try to gain a monopoly
on it. This book situates what is happening around us right now in this historical
framework—a short one, indeed, but not so abbreviated and present-minded that
we can’t gain some necessary perspective.
Chapter 1 opens with an account of what pundits in the United States and
elsewhere have, since 2016, increasingly been calling our “post-truth” present. It
then considers the accuracy of this label from the vantage points of philosophy
followed by history, focusing especially on the role of truth in the modern
democratic imaginary that first blossomed in the Age of Revolutions and has
survived, with important modifications, down to the present. Chapters 2 and 3
take up the greatest long-term threats to this idea: the rise of an elite,
technocratic approach to the determination and propagation of truth and, then, a
populist pushback—two phenomena that turn out to have surprising
commonalities. Chapter 4, finally, asks what, if anything, has changed as of late
to create a crisis in truth, paying special attention to some of the culprits favored
by contemporary commentators, including the influence of postmodern theory,
right-wing radio and television, and social media bubbles. The book concludes
with the suggestion (if a historian can be indulged on this front) of some possible
antidotes, large and small, and some thoughts on the truth/democracy
relationship looking forward. Does democratic politics really “need truth to do
its business well,” as some have recently claimed?1 If your hunch is yes, let’s
consider how you (and others) came to feel this way in the first place—and also
why it still matters.
Chapter 1
The Problem of Democratic Truth
For the past few years, the mainstream press has repeatedly told us the same
dark story. Democracy is in trouble in the United States—and the trouble
extends to its very foundations. According to this narrative, citizens are losing
their grip on any shared view of reality, the minimum requirement for the
collective imagination and instantiation of a collective future.
The evidence appears to be everywhere. Think all the way back to Pizzagate,
the bizarre, widely discussed 2016 story of an alleged child-sex ring being run
by the Democratic Party out of the basement of a D.C. pizza joint. To this day,
retellings—at least in the circles of the worried—inspire laughter, but also
expressions of dismay. Laughter because, on the surface, the story is so
preposterous. Dismay because, like many other such improbable, quasi-political
hoaxes and conspiracy tales these days, it actually had its adherents, who can
easily locate one another online. One believer even traveled to Washington,
armed, looking to “self-investigate” on behalf of his aggrieved and mistrustful
ideological compatriots. This is but the inverse of the hordes of school-shooting
deniers who have been harassing teenagers in Parkland, Florida, convinced that
the adolescent survivors of a 2018 high school mass murder aren’t traumatized
activists but rather “crisis actors,” starring in an entirely faked piece of antigun
propaganda.
We now know that many of these Internet-fueled fairytales were concocted
with the support of Russian intelligence forces and disseminated with the help of
bots or “troll-factories” aiming to spread chaos in the run-up to the 2016
presidential election and beyond.1 But others have been scams promulgated by
obscure, for-profit companies right here in the United States or by popular
websites like Gateway Pundit, which has relentlessly pushed “false flag”
narratives.2 They have also been helped along by giant, international web-based
media platforms like YouTube and Facebook and search engines like Google
looking, as always, for profits. Today’s world of online news is full not just of
partisan stories but also of false ones, designed to scare, anger, and mislead for