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Davidson’s
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Davidson’s
Essentials of
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2nd Edition
Edited by
J. Alastair Innes
PhD FRCP(Ed)
Consultant Physician and Honorary Readere in
Respiratory Medicine, Western General Hospital,
Edinburgh, UK
With a contribution dby
Simon Maxwell
PhD FRCP FRCP(Ed) FBPharmacolS FHEA
Professor of Student Learning (Clinical Pharmacology
and Prescribing), University of Edinburgh; Honoriary
Consultant Physician, Western General Hospital,
Edinburgh, UcK
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e
Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2016
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Contents
Sir Stanley Davidson vi
Preface vii
Acknowledgements viii
Contributors to Davidson’s Principles
and Practice of Medicine ix
List of abbreviations xiv
Picture credits xvi
1 Good medical practice 1
2 Ageing and disease 9
3 Critical care and emergency medicine 19
4 Poisoning 33
5 Infectious disease 47
6 Clinical biochemistry and metabolism 139
7 Kidney and urinary tract disease 159
8 Cardiovascular disease 201
9 Respiratory disease 265
10 Endocrine disease 327
11 Diabetes mellitus 381
12 Gastrointestinal and nutritional disorders 413
13 Liver and biliary tract disease 475
14 Blood disease 519
15 Rheumatology and bone disease 561
16 Neurological disease 605
17 Skin disease 687
18 Therapeutics and prescribing 731
19 Interpreting key investigations 795
20 Laboratory reference ranges 809
Index 817
v
Sir Stanley Davidson
(1894–1981)
Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine was the brainchild of
one of the great Professors of Medicine of the 20th century. Stanley
Davidson was born in Sri Lanka and began his medical undergradu-
ate training at Trinity College, Cambridge; this was interrupted by
World War I and later resumed in Edinburgh. He was seriously
wounded in battle, and the carnage and shocking waste of young
life that he encountered at that time had a profound effect on his
subsequent attitudes and values.
In 1930 Stanley Davidson was appointed Professor of Medicine at
the University of Aberdeen, one of the first full-time Chairs of
Medicine anywhere and the first in Scotland. In 1938 he took up the
Chair of Medicine at Edinburgh and was to remain in this post until
retirement in 1959. He was a renowned educator and a particularly
gifted teacher at the bedside, where he taught that everything had
to be questioned and explained. He himself gave most of the sys-
tematic lectures in Medicine, which were made available as type-
written notes that emphasised the essentials and far surpassed any
textbook available at the time.
Principles and Practice of Medicine was conceived in the late 1940s
with its origins in those lecture notes. The first edition, published in
1952, was a masterpiece of clarity and uniformity of style. It was of
modest size and price, but sufficiently comprehensive and up to date
to provide students with the main elements of sound medical prac-
tice. Although the format and presentation have seen many changes
in 21 subsequent editions, Sir Stanley’s original vision and objectives
remain. More than half a century after its first publication, his book
continues to inform and educate students, doctors and health profes-
sionals all over the world.
vi
Preface
In the 63 years since Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine
was first published, the rapid growth in the understanding of patho-
physiology, in the variety of available diagnostic tests and in the
range of possible treatments has posed an increasing challenge to
those seeking to summarise clinical medicine in a single textbook.
An inevitable consequence has been a parallel growth in the physical
size of all the major textbooks, including Davidson. Davidson’s
Essentials of Medicine seeks to complement the parent volume by
helping those who also need portable information to study on the
move – whether commuting, travelling between training sites or
during remote attachments and electives.
In this second edition, the entire content of Essentials has been
comprehensively revised and updated to reflect the core content
from Davidson, while retaining a size which can easily accompany
readers on their travels. Although the text is concise, every effort
has been made to maximise the readability and to avoid dry and
unmemorable lists; the intention has been to produce a genuine
miniature textbook. The text draws directly on the enormous depth
and breadth of experience of the parent Davidson writing team
and presents the essential elements in a format to suit hand luggage.
Key Davidson illustrations have been adapted and retained, and
‘added value’ sections include a chapter on ‘Interpreting key inves-
tigations’ and a fully updated chapter on ‘Therapeutics and prescrib-
ing’ describing the typical clinical use of the major drug groups.
In an age when on-line information is ever more accessible to
doctors in training, most still agree that there is no substitute for the
physical page when systematic study is needed. With this book, we
hope that the proven value of the parent Davidson can be augmented
by making the essential elements accessible while on the move.
J.A.I.
Edinburgh
vii
Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to the chapter authors of Davidson’s Principles and
Practice of Medicine, without whom this project would have been
impossible. I would also like to acknowledge the invaluable contri-
bution of the team of assistant editors who helped to sift and select
the relevant information during preparation of the first edition:
Kenneth Baillie, Sunil Adwani, Donald Noble, Sarah Walsh, Nazir
Lone, Jehangir Din, Neeraj Dhaun and Alan Japp.
I remain indebted to Nicki Colledge and Brian Walker for inviting
me to help create Essentials and for their support and guidance in
the early stages. Thanks also to Laurence Hunter, Helen Leng, Ailsa
Laing and Wendy Lee at Elsevier for their constant support and
meticulous attention to detail.
Finally, I would like to thank Hester, Ailsa, Mairi and Hamish for
their encouragement and support during the gestation of this book,
and to dedicate it to the memory of my father, James Innes, who
worked with Stanley Davidson on the early editions of Davidson’s
Principles and Practice of Medicine.
J.A.I.
Edinburgh
viii
Contributors to
Davidson’s Principles and
Practice of Medicine, 22nd Edition
The core of this book is based on the contents of Davidson’s Principles
and Practice of Medicine, with material extracted and re-edited to
make a uniform presentation to suit the format of this book. Although
some chapters and topics have, by necessity, been cut or substan-
tially edited, contributors of all chapters drawn upon have been
acknowledged here in recognition of their input into the totality of
the parent textbook.
Albiruni Ryan Abdul Razak Leslie Burnett MBBS PhD FRCPA
MRCPI FHGSA
Consultant Medical Oncologist, Consultant Pathologist, NSW
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Health, PaLMS Pathology North,
Toronto; Assistant Professor, Royal North Shore Hospital,
University of Toronto, Canada Sydney; Clinical Professor in
Pathology and Genetic Medicine,
Brian J. Angus BSc DTM&H FRCP Sydney Medical School, University
MD FFTM(Glas) of Sydney, Australia
Reader in Infectious Diseases,
Nuffield Department of Medicine, Mark Byers OBE FRCGP MCEM
University of Oxford; Director, MFSEM DA(UK)
Oxford Centre for Tropical General Practitioner, Ministry of
Medicine, UK Defence, UK
Quentin M. Anstee BSc MBBS Jenny I.O. Craig MD FRCPE
PhD MRCP(UK) FRCPath
Senior Lecturer, Institute of Cellular Consultant Haematologist,
Medicine, Newcastle University, Addenbrooke’s Hospital,
Newcastle upon Tyne; Honorary Cambridge, UK
Consultant Hepatologist, Freeman Allan D. Cumming BSc MD
Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK FRCPE
Dean of Students, College of
Andrew W. Bradbury BSc
Medicine and Veterinary Medicine,
MBChB(Hons) MD MBA FEBVS(Hon)
University of Edinburgh, UK
FRCSE
Sampson Gamgee Professor of Graham Dark MBBS FRCP FHEA
Vascular Surgery, Director of Senior Lecturer in Cancer
Quality Assurance and Education, Newcastle University;
Enhancement, College of Medical Consultant Medical Oncologist,
and Dental Sciences, University of Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon
Birmingham, UK Tyne, UK
ix
Richard J. Davenport FRCPE DM Sally H. Ibbotson BSc(Hons)
Consultant Neurologist, Royal MD FRCPE
Infirmary of Edinburgh and Clinical Senior Lecturer in
Western General Hospital, Photobiology, University of
Edinburgh; Honorary Senior Dundee; Honorary Consultant
Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, Dermatologist, Ninewells Hospital
UK and Medical School, Dundee, UK
Robert S. Dawe MD FRCPE J. Alastair Innes PhD FRCPE
Consultant Dermatologist, Consultant Physician, Western
Ninewells Hospital and Medical General Hospital, Edinburgh;
School, Dundee; Honorary Clinical Honorary Reader in Respiratory
Reader, University of Dundee, UK Medicine, University of Edinburgh,
UK
David Dockrell MD FRCPI
FRCPG FACP David E. Jones MA BM BCh PhD
FRCP
Professor of Infectious Diseases,
Professor of Liver Immunology,
University of Sheffield, UK
Institute of Cellular Medicine,
Michael J. Field AM MD FRACP Newcastle University, Newcastle
Emeritus Professor, Sydney Medical upon Tyne; Consultant
School, University of Sydney, Hepatologist, Freeman Hospital,
Australia Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
David R. FitzPatrick MD FRCPE Peter Langhorne PhD FRCPG
Consultant in Clinical Genetics, Professor of Stroke Care, University
Royal Hospital for Sick Children, of Glasgow; Honorary Consultant,
Edinburgh; Professor, University Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
of Edinburgh, UK Stephen M. Lawrie MD(Hons)
Jane Goddard PhD FRCPE FRCPsych FRCPE(Hon)
Consultant Nephrologist, Royal Head, Division of Psychiatry,
Infirmary of Edinburgh; Part-time School of Clinical Sciences,
Senior Lecturer, University of University of Edinburgh; Honorary
Edinburgh, UK Consultant Psychiatrist, Royal
Edinburgh Hospital, UK
Neil R. Grubb MD FRCP
Consultant Cardiologist, Edinburgh John Paul Leach MD FRCPG
Heart Centre; Honorary Senior FRCPE
Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, Consultant Neurologist, Institute of
UK Neuroscience, Southern General
Hospital, Glasgow; Honorary
Phil Hanlon BSc MD MPH Associate Clinical Professor,
Professor of Public Health, University of Glasgow, UK
University of Glasgow, UK
Charlie W. Lees MBBS
Richard P. Hobson PhD FRCPE PhD
MCRP(UK), FRCPath Consultant Gastroenterologist,
Consultant Microbiologist, Leeds Western General Hospital,
Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Edinburgh; Honorary Senior
Honorary Senior Lecturer, Leeds Lecturer, University of Edinburgh,
University, UK UK
x
