Table Of ContentComputational Methods in Applied Sciences
Martti Lehto
Pekka Neittaanmäki Editors
Cyber Security
Critical Infrastructure Protection
Computational Methods in Applied Sciences
Volume 56
SeriesEditor
EugenioOñate,UniversitatPolitècnicadeCatalunya,Barcelona,Spain
This series publishes monographs and carefully edited books inspired by the
thematic conferences of ECCOMAS, the European Committee on Computational
MethodsinAppliedSciences.Asaconsequence,thesevolumescoverthefieldsof
MathematicalandComputationalMethodsandModellingandtheirapplicationsto
major areas such as Fluid Dynamics, Structural Mechanics, Semiconductor
Modelling, Electromagnetics and CAD/CAM. Multidisciplinary applications
of these fields to critical societal and technological problems encountered in
sectors like Aerospace, Car and Ship Industry, Electronics, Energy, Finance,
Chemistry, Medicine, Biosciences, Environmental sciences are of particular
interest.Theintentistoexchangeinformationandtopromotethetransferbetween
the research community and industry consistent with the development and
applicationsofcomputationalmethodsinscienceandtechnology.
Bookproposalsarewelcomeat
EugenioOñate
InternationalCenterforNumericalMethodsinEngineering(CIMNE)
TechnicalUniversityofCatalunya(UPC)
EdificioC-1,CampusNorteUPCGranCapitán
s/n08034Barcelona,Spain
[email protected]
www.cimne.com
orcontactthepublisher,Dr.MayraCastro,[email protected]
IndexedinSCOPUS,GoogleScholarandSpringerLink.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/6899
·
Martti Lehto Pekka Neittaanmäki
Editors
Cyber Security
Critical Infrastructure Protection
Editors
MarttiLehto PekkaNeittaanmäki
FacultyofInformationTechnology FacultyofInformationTechnology
UniversityofJyväskylä UniversityofJyväskylä
Jyväskylä,Finland Jyväskylä,Finland
ISSN1871-3033 ISSN2543-0203 (electronic)
ComputationalMethodsinAppliedSciences
ISBN978-3-030-91292-5 ISBN978-3-030-91293-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91293-2
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
SwitzerlandAG2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether
thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse
ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and
transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar
ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor
theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany
errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional
claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
Foreword
As much of the worldwide economy has moved into cyberspace, protecting and
assuring information flows over these networks have become a priority. Most
networkstodayrelyonthesuccessivediscoveryofvulnerabilitiesanddeploymentof
patchestomaintainsecurity.Evenafterpatching,newvulnerabilitiesareoftenintro-
ducedinsuccessivereleasesandmayevenbeintroducedbythepatchesthemselves.
Theproposeddefensivecyberportfolioislargelyfocusedonchangingthisparadigm
throughavarietyofmethodssuchasheterogeneity,formalmethodsproofs,secure
code generation, and automation. Exploration of offensive methods is essential to
expandandinformdefensivework.
Manysourcesemergeasasignificantcyberthreatoneveryaspectofindividuals
andstates.Thesizeandsophisticationofthenation’shackingcapabilitieshavegrown
markedly over the last few years, and they have already penetrated well-defended
networks while seized and destroyed sensitive data. We must anticipate that the
cyberthreat may well begin to grow much more rapidly. The first requirement of
developing a sound response is understanding the nature of the problem, which is
theaimofthisvolume.
Thestandardapproachforsecuring(critical)infrastructureoverthepast50years,
classifiedas“wallsandgates,”hasfailed.Thereisnolongeranyreasontobelievethat
asystemofbarriersbetweentrustedanduntrustedcomponentswithpolicy-mediated
pass-throughswillbecomemoresuccessfulasthefutureunfolds.Withinthesecu-
ritycontext,widelyusedtraditionalrule-baseddetectionmethodologies,including
firewalls, signatures/patterns that govern IDS/IPS, and antivirus are irrelevant for
the detection of new and sophisticated malware. Malware is masked as legitimate
streams and penetrates every state-of-the-art commercial barrier on the market. In
v
vi Foreword
thecurrenteraofdatadeluge,protectionagainstcyber-attacks/penetrationsbecomes
morecriticalandrequiressophisticatedapproaches.
July2021 Prof.AmirAverbuch
SchoolofComputerScience
TelAvivUniversity
TelAviv,Israel
Preface
Inthecyberworld,themostimportantthreatfocusesoncriticalinfrastructure(CI).
CIencompassesthestructuresandfunctionsthatarevitaltosociety’suninterrupted
functioning.Itiscomprisedofphysicalfacilitiesandstructuresaswellaselectronic
functionsandservices.
The modern and efficient countermeasures against cyber-attacks need multidis-
ciplinaryscientificcomputingmethodswhenwefocusonthebehaviorofanactor
fromtactic,technique,andprocedure(TTP)perspectives.Atacticisthebroadest-
leveldescriptionofthisbehavior,whiletechniquesgiveamoredetaileddescription
ofbehaviorinthecontextofatactic,andproceduresarethenarrowest-level,highly
detaileddescriptioninthecontextofatechnique.Computationalscienceisagreat
tooltosolvecybersecuritychallenges.
Inthiseditedvolume,wehavechosencontributorsthatwillsharetheirperspec-
tives on cyber security in critical infrastructure from a broad perspective. This
volumeisfocusedoncriticalinfrastructureprotection.Itiscomprisedofthelatest
researchthatresearchersandscientistsfromdifferentcountrieshavediscovered.The
selectedchaptersreflecttheessentialcontributionsoftheseresearchersandscientists
who conducted a detailed analysis of the issues and challenges in cyberspace and
provided novel solutions in various aspects. These research results will stimulate
furtherresearchandstudiesinthecybersecuritycommunity.
Thecontentofthisvolumeisorganizedintothreeparts.PartIisfocusedonthe
digital society. It addresses critical infrastructure and different forms of digitaliza-
tion,suchasstrategicfocusoncybersecurity,legalaspectsoncybersecurity,citi-
zensindigitalsociety,andcybersecuritytraining.PartIIisfocusedonthecritical
infrastructure protection in different areas of the critical infrastructure. It investi-
gatesthepossibilityofusingnewtechnologiestoimprovecurrentcybercapability,
aswellasnewchallengesbroughtaboutbynewtechnologies.PartIIIisfocusedon
computationalmethodsandapplicationsincyberenvironment.
Thepurposeofthisbookistobringtogetheracademicresearchersfromdifferent
countries.Thisbookisaddressedtoresearchers,technologyexperts,anddecision-
makersinthefieldsofcriticalinfrastructureprotection,rangingfromcriticalinfras-
tructure environment and analysis to some areas like health care, electric power
vii
viii Preface
system,maritime,aviation,andbuiltenvironment.Thisbookalsocontainsastrong
societalviewsuchasinformationinfluenceandethicalconcerns.Thisbookpresents
cybersecuritysolutionsfromatechnologyandcomputationalmethodsperspective.
Thisbookisbasedoninvitedarticlescollectedfromseveralresearchprogramsand
paperspresentedindifferentcybersecurityandcyberwarfareconferences.
TheeditorswouldliketothankResearchAssistantMarja-LeenaRantalainenfor
helping in the technical editing of the book. We would also express our gratitude
to Ms. Mythili Settu, and Ms. Mayra Castro from Springer Nature for the project
coordination and Prof. Eugenio Oñate, CIMNE Director and Editor of the series
ComputationalMethodsinAppliedSciencesfortheirfairpatienceinreceivingthe
materialofthisvolume.
Jyväskylä,Finland MarttiLehto
July2021 PekkaNeittaanmäki
Contents
PartI DigitalSociety
1 Cyber-AttacksAgainstCriticalInfrastructure ................... 3
MarttiLehto
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 3
1.2 CyberSecurityThreatsAgainstCriticalInfrastructure ........ 6
1.3 Cyber-AttacksAgainstCriticalInfrastructure ................ 13
1.4 CriticalInfrastructureProtection .......................... 34
1.5 Conclusion ............................................. 35
References .................................................... 36
2 KeyElementsofOn-LineCyberSecurityExerciseandSurvey
ofLearningDuringtheOn-LineCyberSecurityExercise ......... 43
MikaKarjalainen,TeroKokkonen,andNikoTaari
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 43
2.2 PedagogicalFrameworkforLearninginOn-LineCyber
SecurityExercises ....................................... 45
2.3 MethodsandData ....................................... 46
2.4 Results ................................................ 50
2.5 Conclusion ............................................. 54
References .................................................... 55
3 CyberLawandRegulation ..................................... 59
VirginiaA.Greiman
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 59
3.2 GovernanceoftheInternetandCyberspace ................. 60
3.3 CyberOperations ....................................... 65
3.4 ComputerCrimeLaw .................................... 67
3.5 RegulationsinCyberSpace ............................... 69
3.6 Summary .............................................. 75
References .................................................... 76
ix
