Table Of ContentCultivation for Climate
Change Resilience
Volume 2
Temperate Fruit Trees
Editors
Adel A. Abul-Soad
Tropical Fruit Research Department
Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center
Giza, Egypt
Jameel M. Al-Khayri
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
College of Agriculture and Food Sciences
King Faisal University
Saudi Arabia
A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK
First edition published 2023
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data (applied for)
ISBN: 978-1-032-39736-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-39739-9 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-35115-3 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003351153
Typeset in Palatino
by Radiant Productions
Preface
Awareness of the adverse impact associated with the global climate change
on the future of agriculture, researchers are devoting efforts for finding
solutions to mitigate undesired effects based on intelligent predictions and
improved utilization of available genetic resources. This book highlights
the contemporary knowledge of the impacts of abiotic and biotic stresses
inflected by climate changes on the production, horticultural practices and
physiological processes of various fruit tree species. Moreover, it describes
the adaptation of innovative approaches to mitigate the climatic adverse
effects and enhance resilience characteristics of fruit crops.
This book consists of 2-volume set. This Volume 2 subtitled Temperate
Fruit Trees contains 11 chapters grouped in 3 parts. Part I consists of
2 chapters addressing conceptual framework emphasizing climate change
impact on agriculture and food security and mitigation strategies. Part II
describes the impact of climate change on some of warm temperate fruits
species including citrus, common fig, cactus pear, date palm, grape, olive
and pomegranate. Part III covers cool temperate fruit crops including
apricot and plum.
Each chapter addresses one fruit crop and updates available
information in relation to the various concepts. Topics discussed include
a general introduction on climatic requirements of a fruit crop, significant
symptoms of climate change impacts, crop management under changed
climate conditions, natural adaptation of genetic resources, mitigation
strategies against biotic and abiotic stresses, remote sensing and
environmental certification, and concludes with future prospects and
literature.
This book is essential for researchers and students concerned
with improving the productivity and quality of fruit crops to achieve
sustainable fruit cultivation and conservation of this important nutritional
food source for future generations. This book is geared toward a variety of
general readers, fruit farmers, research scholars and scientists interested
in learning about the impact of climate changes on fruit cultivation. It is a
valuable source of information for students to increase their awareness of
fruit cultivation under climate change conditions.
iv Cultivation for Climate Change Resilience, Volume 2: Temperate Fruit Trees
Our sincere gratitude is presented to the contributing authors for their
generous cooperation and much appreciation to the CRC Press for the
opportunity to publish this book.
Adel A. Abul-Soad
Giza, Egypt
Jameel M. Al-Khayri
Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Contents
Preface iii
Part I: Conceptual Framework
1. Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture and 2
Food Security
Adam Ahmed, Azharia Elbushra and Mutasim Elrasheed
2. Instigating Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies to 28
Combat Impact of Global Climate Change in Fruit Crops
Rinny Swain, Jannela Praveena, Mamata Behera and Gyana Ranjan Rout
Part II: Warm Temperate Fruits
3. Citrus Production in Climate Change Era 68
Waleed Fouad Abobatta
4. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Strategies of 94
Common Fig (Ficus carica L.) Cultivation
M Moniruzzaman, Zahira Yaakob, Nurina Anuar, Jameel M Al‑Khayri
and Islam El‑Sharkawy
5. Cactus Pear (Opuntia spp.): A Multipurpose Crop with 111
High Tolerance to Adverse Climate
Mouaad Amine Mazri, Ilham Belkoura, Reda Meziani, Riad Balaghi
and Meriyem Koufan
6. Cultivation of Date Palm for Enhanced Resilience to 138
Climate Change
Adel Ahmed Abul‑Soad, Nashwa Hassan Mohamed,
Ricardo Salomón‑Torres and Jameel M Al‑Khayri
7. Grape Cultivation for Climate Change Resilience 170
Muhammad Salman Haider, Waqar Shafqat, Muhammad Jafar Jaskani,
Summar Abbas Naqvi and Iqrar Ahmad Khan
vi Cultivation for Climate Change Resilience, Volume 2: Temperate Fruit Trees
8. Climate Change and Its Implications for the Cultivation 194
of Olive
Fabíola Villa, Daniel Fernandes da Silva and Glacy Jaqueline da Silva
9. Prospects of Climate Resilience in Pomegranate 213
Muhammad Nafees, Sajjad Hussain, Muhammad Usman and
Muhammad J Jaskani
Part III: Cool Temperate Fruits
10. Behavior of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) under 234
Climate Change
Tomo Milošević and Nebojša Milošević
11. Impact of Climate Change on Plum (Prunus domestica L.) 257
Nebojša Milošević and Tomo Milošević
Index 279
Part I
Conceptual Framework
1
Implications of Climate
Change on Agriculture and
Food Security
Adam Ahmed,1,2,* Azharia Elbushra1,3 and Mutasim Elrasheed1
1. Introduction
1.1 Importance of Agriculture and Fruit Cultivation
Agricultural sector plays an important role in livelihood, food security and
economic development for the majority of the world. This contribution is
well documented in the literature. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nation (FAO, 2008), about 36% of the total
world labor force depends primarily for its livelihood on the state
agricultural sector. However, contribution of workforce varies according
to region and population density. For instance, it constitutes about 4.2%
in Europe (EUROSTAT, 2018); 20% in Arab countries (World Bank, 2020);
more than one-third in Southeast Asia (Zhai and Zhuang, 2009); 40–50%
in highly populated countries of Asia and the Pacific (FAO, 2008); 48% for
the total African population (NEPAD, 2013) and up to 66% in sub-Saharan
Africa (FAO, 2008). Furthermore, a number of studies have addressed the
1 Department of Agribusiness and Consumer Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food
Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.
2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum,
P.O. Box 32, Postal Code 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan.
3 Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, University of Bahri, 12327,
Postal Code 111111, Khartoum North, Sudan.
Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]
* Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]
Implications of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security 3
contribution of agriculture to labor force in different countries. According
to EUROSTAT (2018) statistics, the contribution of agricultural sector
to the total labor employment accounts for 23% in Romania, 17.5% in
Bulgaria, 10.7% in Greece and 10.1% in Poland, and about 1% in Canada
and Germany (World Bank, 2020). While the share of agriculture in the
total employment in the African countries showed a wide spectrum, it
is only one-fourth in Egypt, about half in Kenya, two-third in Ethiopia,
two-fifth in Sudan and about three-quarter in Uganda. Similarly, it
constitutes about 25, 29 and 37% in China, Indonesia and Pakistan,
respectively (World Bank, 2020).
A report produced by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
of the United Nations estimated that 2.5 billion out the 3 billion, who lived
in the rural areas, depend on agriculture as the main source of livelihood
(FAO, 2013). It is worth mentioning that the demand for agricultural
products has increased three times from 1960 to date to meet the needs of
the growing world population. Edame et al. (2011) stated that agricultural
production needs to be increased by more than two-third to satisfy the
food demands of the growing population by 2050.
Evidence-based research revealed that the percentage share of the
agriculture sector to the gross domestic product (GDP) of the higher
income countries is very small, indicating an inverse relation between
national income and the percentage share of agriculture in GDP (FAO,
2019). As depicted in Table 1, the average agricultural contribution to GDP
at the global level represented 3.4% in 2017 whereas it contributed about
one-third in the developing countries (FAO, 2013).
The contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP is stable at around
4% since 2000 at the global level (FAO, 2021) and varies considerably
among different countries and regions in the world. It amounted to
5.4% in USA (USDA, 2019); 15% in Africa, where it ranged from 3% in
Botswana and South Africa to 50% in Chad (OECD-FAO, 2016); more than
Table 1. Percentage contribution of agricultural sector value added to the total Gross
Domestic Product at global and regional level (2017–2018).
Regions Year
2017 2018
Arab world 5.4 5.2
Europe and Central Asia 2.0 1.9
European Union 1.7 1.7
Middle East and North Africa 5.1 4.0
Sub-Saharan Africa 15.8 15.7
World 3.4 -
Source: World Bank, 2020
