Table Of ContentCrustal Evolution
and Metallogeny
in India
Sanjib Chandra Sarkar
Anupendu Gupta
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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First published 2012
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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Sarkar, Sanjib Chandra.
Crustal evolution and metallogeny in India / Sanjib Chandra Sarkar, Anupendu Gupta.
p. cm.
Summary: “Documents in detail the nature, origin and evolution of the Indian
mineral deposits in the context of local and regional geology”--Provided by publisher.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-107-00715-4 (hardback)
1. Mineralogy--India. 2. Metallogeny--India. 3. Geology--India. I. Gupta, Anupendu, 1942- II. Title.
QE382.I4S27 2011
549.954--dc22 2010040401
ISBN 978-1-107-00715-4 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in
this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Dedicated
to
the Students of Indian Geology
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C
ONTENTS
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xxi
List of Plates xxvii
Preface xxxi
Chapter 1 Southern India 1
1.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 1
Introduction 1
Peninsular Gneiss and Granitoids of Western Dharwar 4
Western Dharwar Schist Belts 7
Peninsular Gneiss and the Granitoids of Eastern Dharwar 20
Eastern Dharwar Schist Belts 23
Kimberlites and Lamproites 40
Western and Eastern Dharwar Blocks: Similarity, Contrast and Relationship 45
Southern Granulite Province (SGP) 48
Proterozoic–Eocambrian Cover Sequences 55
1.2 Metallogeny 69
Introduction 69
Mineralisation in Sargur Type Schist Belts 70
Ore Mineralisation in the Dharwar Schist Belts 74
Ore Mineralisation in Southern Granulitic Province (SGP) 118
Mineralisation in and Around the Cuddapah Basin 130
Mineralisation in the Bhima Basin 137
Manganese Mineralisation in the PG Valley 140
Diamonds 141
Bauxite Deposits 145
Chapter 2 Central India 153
2.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 153
Introduction 153
Southern (Bastar) Crustal Province (SCP) 155
Northern (Bundelkhand) Crustal Province (NCP) 181
Tectonic Models for Central Indian Precambrian Crust 210
Proterozoic Cover Sediments in Central India 215
Deccan Traps and Their Relation to Continental Flood Basalts 228
2.2 Metallogeny 233
Introduction 233
Tin Mineralisation in Bastar 234
Rare Metals (RM) and Rare Earth Element (REE) Mineralisations 235
Iron ores of Dalli–Rajhara–Rowghat–Bailadila Belt 239
Gold in Kotri Belt 256
Gold in Sonakhan Greenstone Belt 257
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vi Contents
Gold in Raigarh Belt 257
Copper–Molybdenum (–Gold) Mineralisation at Malanjkhand and Neighbouring Areas258
Uranium Mineralisation in Central India 288
Polymetallic Mineralisation in Sakoli Fold Belt 292
Gold Mineralisation in Mahakoshal Belt 296
(Zn–Cu–Pb) Sulphide Mineralisation in Betul Belt 298
Manganese Mineralisations in the Sausar Group of Rocks 300
Phosphorite Deposits in Madhya Pradesh 307
Diamonds in Central India 308
Bauxite Deposits in Central India 313
Chapter 3 Eastern Ghat Belt 319
3.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 319
Introduction 319
Lateral Lithologic Zones 320
Transverse Segments of EGMB 321
Geological Framework 322
Crustal Domains/Provinces in EGMB 325
Geophysical Attributes of EGMB 326
Evolutionary History of EGMB 328
EGMB vis-a-vis East Gondwana Supercontinent 329
3.2 Metallogeny 332
Introduction 332
Manganese Mineralisation 332
Bauxite Deposits 334
Other Minerals 340
Chapter 4 Eastern India 343
4.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 343
Introduction 343
Archean Cratonic Nucleus 345
Iron Ore Provinces and Other Sedimentary/Volcanisedimentary Belts
in South Singhbhum-North Orissa 354
North Singhbhum Mobile Belt 370
Gangpur Group 411
Chhotanagpur Granite–Gneiss Complex 412
Stratigraphic/Geochronologic Sequences in the Eastern India and their
Regional Correlation 414
A Summary of the Crustal Evolution 417
4.2 Metallogeny 423
Introduction 423
Copper Sulphide Mineralisation Along Singhbhum Shear Zone 424
Uranium Mineralisation Along the Singhbhum Shear Zone, Basal Dhanjori
and the IOG 440
Phosphate (Apatite-Magnetite) Mineralisation in Singhbhum Shear Zone 448
Genesis and Evolution of Ores Along the Singhbhum Copper–Uranium Belt 451
Cu-Pb Sulphide Mineralisation Along Northern Shear Zone 462
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Contents vii
Phosphate Deposits in the Northern Shear Zone 463
Iron Oxide Breccia Hosted Cu–Au–U Mineralisation in NSMB
(Between Dalma Volcanics and CGC) 464
Metallogeny in the Gangpur Basin 464
Gold in Singhbhum and Adjoining Areas 466
Tungsten Mineralisation in West Bengal 475
BIF Associated Hematitic Iron Ores of Eastern India 480
Chromite Mineralisation 497
Lateritic Nickel 507
Platinum Group Element (PGE) Mineralisation at Baula–Nuasahi, Orissa 507
Manganese Mineralistion in Singhbhum–North Orissa Region 513
Copper (gold) Mineralisation in Chhotanagpur Granite -Gneiss Complex (CGC) 515
Rare Metal (RM) and Rare Earth Elements (REE) Mineralisation
in Jharkhand (‘Bihar’) Mica Belt, Chhotanagpur Granite–Gneiss Complex 517
Pyrite Deposit at Amjhore, Rhotas District, Bihar 520
Bauxite Deposits of Eastern India 521
Chapter 5 North-East India 526
5.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 526
Introduction 526
Shillong–Mikir Massif (Meghalaya and Assam) 528
Cretaceous–Tertiary Sedimentary Sequences and Intrusives in Meghalaya Plateau 531
Indo-Burman Range (IBR) 534
5.2 Metallogeny 536
Introduction 536
Zinc–Copper–Lead Sulphide Deposit, Umpirtha, Meghalaya 536
Lead Sulphide Mineralisation, Mawmaram, Meghalaya 537
Uranium Mineralisation in Meghalaya 537
Apatite and Rock Phosphate Mineralisationin Meghalaya 539
Chromite Mineralisation in Manipur–Nagaland 540
Magnetite Deposit in Nagaland 540
Chapter 6 Western India 543
6.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 543
Introduction 543
Basement Complex 546
Aravalli Belt 552
Bhilwara Province and the Status of the Bhilwara Supergroup 558
Delhi Fold Belt 561
Tectonic Models for the Origin and Evolution of Delhi–Aravalli Mobile Belt(s) 582
Malani Group 585
Marwar Supergroup 589
The Great Boundary Fault: Its Nature, Origin and Evolution 590
6.2 Metallogeny 591
Introduction 591
Ancient Mining and Metallurgy in Western India 591
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viii Contents
Mineralisation in Basement Rocks 595
Ore Mineralisation in the Bhilwara Province 595
Sulphide Mineralisations at Zawar, Aravalli Belt 611
Gold Mineralisation in the Aravalli Sequence, Southeastern Rajasthan 629
Sulphide Mineralisation in Delhi Fold Belt 637
Uranium Metallogeny in the Western Indian Craton 663
Tin–Polymetallic Mineralisation in Tosham Area, Haryana 667
Tungsten Mineralisation at Degana, Balda and Sewariya, Rajasthan 670
RM and REE Mineralisations in Rajasthan–Gujarat Region 672
Rock Phosphate Deposits of Rajasthan 675
Bauxite Deposits 677
Chapter 7 The Himalaya 679
7.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 679
Introduction 679
The Litho-Tectonic Zones 680
Himalayan Evolution – The Likely Story 690
Continuation of the Peninsular Geology into the Himalaya 695
7.2 Metallogeny 695
Introduction 695
The Sub-Himalayan Zone 697
Lesser Himalaya 697
The Higher Himalayan Zone 709
Tethyan Zone 711
Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone 713
Metallogenetic Analysis of the Himalaya 713
Chapter 8 Crustal Evolution and Metallogeny in India:
A Brief Review in the Context of the World Scenario 717
8.1 An Outline of the World Scenario 717
Introduction 717
Probable History of the Early Earth 718
The Eoarchean Crust and the First Record of Crustal Metallogeny 719
Archean Crust Development and Metallogeny Spread Over a Billion Years 719
The Crust Comes of Age During the Proterozoic with the Attendant Metallogeny 721
An Outline of Phanerozoic Geology and the Characteristic Mineralisations 722
Supercontinents, Mantle Plumes – Plate Tectonics and Metallogeny 723
8.2 A Synoptic View of the Indian Situation and Its Comparison with the World 731
References 741
Index
Plate Section
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L F
IST OF IGURES
Chapter 1 Southern India 1 1.1.16 Geology of the Sandur schist belt, 24
1.1.17 REE distribution (A-C) in mixed
1.1 Geology and Crustal Evolution 1 oxide-silicate facies of BIF, Sandur and
other comparison with BIFs of other S.
1.1.1 Generalised geological map of South
Indian occurrences (D–E), 26
India, 2
1.1.18
1.1. 2 Geological map of Karnataka
Hutti–Maski schist belt, showing gold
region, 3
deposits, 30
1.1.3 Some structures in Peninsular
1.1.19 Generalised geological map of
Gneiss, 4
the Ramagiri area, showing gold
1.1.4 Geological map of a part of South India
occurrences, 33
showing the distribution of schist belts
1.1.20 Geological Map of Kolar schist belt,
of Western Dharwar (WD) and Eastern
Karnataka, 34
Dharwar (ED) Blocks, 5
1.1.21 Reported locations of kimberlite and
1.1.5 Geological map showing Dharwar
lamproite in India, 40
Group of rocks in the Western Dharwar
1.1. 22 Photomicrographs of some Indian
Block and important ore deposits
hypabyssal-facies of kimberlite, 44
contained by them, 8
1.1.23 Distribution of age data of rocks from
1.1.6 Detailed geological map of Bababudan
the Western and Eastern Dharwar
area showing the distribution of
Blocks, 45
its different formations, and their
1.1.24 Eu/Eu* vs CIA correlations of the
relationship with the gneissic basement
greywackes from some schist belts
and earlier schist belts, 10
ofWestern and Eastern Dharwar
1.1.7 REE-behavior of Bababudan BIFs, 11
Blocks, 46
1.1.8 A schematic diagram of probable
1.1.25 ‘Plume’ model of Jayananda et al.,
geological situation of BIF precipitation
2000 to explain the geology of Eastern
in Indian deposits, 14
Dharwar, 48
1.1.9
1.1.26 Generalised geological map of
of common iron minerals at 25 C and
the Southern Granulite Province
1b, 14
(SGP) showing tectonic blocks and
1.1.10 The model of Eastern Dharwar Block
intervening regional shear zones, 49
(‘Batholith’) subducting below Western
1.1.27 Perturbation of the ambient 2.5
Lithospheric Plate, i.e Western Dharwar
Ga geotherm due to suggested
Block, 18
overthrusting of blocks, 25–35 km
1.1.11 Structural map of Western Dharwar
thick, along horizontal plane, 53
with suggested transcurrent shears, 19
1.1.28 Geological map of Cuddapah
1.1.12 Stages of Sagduction in Western
basin, 55
Dharwar as Conceived by Choukrane et
1.1.29 A section across the Cuddapah basin
al., 20
showing increasing complexity of
1.1.13 Geological map of Closepet batholith, 21
structures from west to east, 57
1.1.14 Calc-alkaline differentiation trend of
1.1.30
the Eastern Dharwar granitoids, in
basin, 60
contrast with the TTG trend, 22
1.1.31
1.1.15
valley, 63
granitoids in Eastern Dharwar and their
1.1.32
projected tectonic settings, 23
SW outcrop belt of PG valley, 67
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