Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology, Volume 1: Principles and Practice

577 Pages·2002·11.567 MB·English

Crop Post-Harvest:
Science and Technology
Volume 1
Principles and Practice
Edited by
Peter Golob, Graham Farrell and John E. Orchard
Blackwell
Science
© 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd, a Blackwell Publishing First published 2002 by Blackwell Science Ltd
Company
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This series of volumes is dedicated to the memory of
Dr Philip C. Spensley, Director of the Tropical Products Institute 1966–1982
for his leadership in a period of great expansion of post-harvest research and development
Part of a three-volume set from Blackwell Publishing and the Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich:
Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology Volume 1: Principles and Practice
Edited by P. Golob, G. Farrell and J.E. Orchard
0 632 05723 8
Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology Volume 2: Durables
Edited by R.J. Hodges and G. Farrell
0 632 05724 6
Crop Post-Harvest: Science and Technology Volume 3: Perishables
Edited by D. Rees, J.E. Orchard and G. Farrell
0 632 05725 4
Contents
Contributors ix
Foreword by Professor Chris Haines xi
Preface xiii
1 Post-Harvest Systems in Agriculture 1
F. Goletti and E. Samman
2 Biology of Plant Commodities 35
D. Rees and L. Hammond
3 Physical Factors in Post-Harvest Quality 69
A.D. Devereau
Properties of stored products 69
A.D. Devereau
The principal physical factors 74
A,D. Devereau
Water 77
R. Myhara
Measurement of physical factors 83
A.D. Devereau
Moisture content 84
C. Anderson
4 Biological Factors in Post-Harvest Quality 93
G. Farrell
Post-harvest pests and the damage they cause 93
G. Farrell
Pests of durable crops – insects and arachnids 94
R.J. Hodges
Pests of durable crops – vertebrates 112
A.N. Meyer and S. R. Belmain
Pests of durable crops – moulds 120
P.W. Wareing
v
vi Contents
Diseases and pests of perishable crops 131
G. Farrell
5 Technology and Management of Storage 141
R.A. Boxall
Storage losses 143
R.A. Boxall
Storage structures 169
R.A. Boxall
Storage of horticultural produce 176
S.J. Taylor and R.D, Bancroft
Selection of stores for durable commodities 191
R.A. Boxall
Small-scale farm storage in the developing world 192
J.R. Brice
Transit or trader storage 200
R.A. Boxall
Medium and large-scale storage 200
R.A. Boxall
Storage management 204
R.A. Boxall
6 Pest Management 233
P. Golob
Safety 234
P. Golob
Insect control 242
L.A. Birkinshaw
Inert dusts 270
T.E. Stathers
Botanicals 280
S.R. Belmain
Rodent control 284
A.N. Meyer and S.R. Belmain
Bird control 295
S.R. Belmain and A.N. Meyer
Moulds and bacteria 299
G. Farrell
Approaches to pest management in stored grain 301
R.J. Hodges
7 Remedial Treatments in Pest Management 321
R.W.D. Taylor and P. Golob
Fumigation 321
R.W.D. Taylor
Contents vii
Radiation disinfestation 338
A. D. Devereau
Other methods of disinfestation and protection 342
P. Golob
8 Food Processing and Preservation 360
A.A. Swetman
Food preservation 360
L. Nicolaides and P.W. Wareing
Packaging 372
J.H. New
Flour 379
J.F. Wood
Oilseeds, oils and fats 386
A.A. Swetman
Weaning foods 396
L. Hammond
Animal feeds 401
J.F. Wood
9 Food Systems 423
P.S. Hindmarsh
Access to food 423
P.S. Hindmarsh
Credit and storage 424
P.S. Hindmarsh
The case for food security reserves 427
P.S. Hindmarsh
Market access 431
H.M. Kindness and A.E. Gordon
Seed security 434
D.J. Walker
Food aid 437
D.J. Walker
10 Applied Research and Dissemination 441
H.C. Coote and N.K. Marsland
Extension methods and technology transfer in less developed countries 441
H.C. Coote
Farmer participation in assessing post-harvest needs 447
N.K. Marsland
A methodological framework for combining quantitative and qualitative survey methods 448
N.K. Marsland, I.M. Wilson, S. Abeyasekera and U.K. Kleih
Monitoring investment and the evaluation of impact 457
N.K. Marsland, I.M. Wilson, S. Abeyasekera and U.K. Kleih
viii Contents
The impact of post-harvest research on household food security 460
N.K. Marsland, I.M. Wilson, S. Abeyasekera and U.K. Kleih
11 Trade and International Agreements 464
P. Greenhalgh and J.A. Conway
The WTO and other international and regional organisations 465
P. Greenhalgh
International commodity agreements 470
P. Greenhalgh
Trade associations 471
P. Greenhalgh
Commercial practices 472
J.A. Conway
Ethical trade 476
M.E. Blowfi eld
Phytosanitary agreements, requirements and standards 482
R. Black
Food safety and HACCP 502
L. Nicolaides
Glossary 511
Appendix 1: Some Important Post-harvest Pests 521
Appendix 2: Some Important Post-harvest Pathogens 539
Appendix 3: Some Plants of Post-harvest Concern 545
Index 548
Contributors
Roger D. Bancroft, Steven R. Belmain, Lucy A. Bir- Savitri Abeyasakera, University of Reading, Reading
kinshaw, Robert Black, Mick E. Blowfi eld, Robin A. RG6 6AH, UK.
Boxall, John R. Brice, John A. Conway, H. Claire Coote, Campbell Anderson, Campden and Chorleywood Food
Andrew D. Devereau, Graham Farrell, Peter Golob, Ann Research Association, Chipping Campden GL55
E. Gordon, Peter Greenhalgh, Lynda Hammond, Paul S. 6LD, UK.
Hindmarsh, Richard J. Hodges, Heather M. Kindness, Francesco Goletti, President, Agrifood Consulting In-
Ulrich K. Kleih, Neil K. Marsland, Adrian N. Meyer, ternational, 2715 Harmon Road, Silver Spring, MD
Linda Nicolaides, John E. Orchard, Deborah Rees, 20902, USA.
Tanya E. Stathers, Anthony A. Swetman, Robert W.D. Adrian N. Meyer, The Acheta Partnership, Garden Cottage,
Taylor, Sarah J. Taylor, David J. Walker, Peter W. Ware- Horsemoor, Chieveley, Newbury RG20 8XD, UK.
ing, John F. Wood: at the time of writing, all on the staff Robert Myhara, Food Industry Consultant, 12-5 Cheryl
of the Natural Resources Institute, University of Green- Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2G-0V5.
wich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK. John H. New, Stubbings, Weavering Street, Maidstone
ME14 5JH, UK.
Emma Samman, St Antony’s College, Oxford OX2 6JF,
UK.
Ian M. Wilson, University of Reading, Reading RG6
6AH, UK.
ix
Foreword
In our world of six billion people, almost 800 million by technological and economic improvements in com-
are hungry or starving, a quarter of whom are children modity marketing, processing, packaging, storage and
under fi ve years old. More than an eighth of all humans, distribution, that is, by actions to reduce losses and to
or one-sixth of the developing world’s population, add value and quality across the post-harvest (or post-
are chronically food-insecure and do not have access production) sector.
to suffi cient safe food at all times to lead healthy, ac- Public concern about food safety and quality is in-
tive, productive lives. Food insecurity brings with it creasing both in industrialised countries and in urban
the vicious cycles of incapacity to work, increased centres in the developing world. This has been fuelled
susceptibility to communicable disease, permanent by long-term anxieties about pesticides and other con-
debilitation from childhood malnutrition, withdrawal taminants in food, by growing awareness of the preva-
from education, and social or political exclusion – and, lence of food-borne disease, by the media profi le of spe-
ultimately, starvation. Yet all authorities agree that, cifi c ‘food scares’, and by the impact of globalisation on
globally, humankind harvests suffi cient food to meet quality management in international trade. While some
the needs of all, and most analysts believe that produc- elements of food safety and quality have their origins in
tion trends will continue to keep ahead of demand in the pre-harvest sector, many of the problems occur or
the medium-term future. In many parts of the world, develop post-harvest, and food quality management falls
yield productivity has increased dramatically in recent squarely in the post-harvest sector, whatever the origin
decades due in part to changes in agronomic practice of the problem.
and, especially, to the improved crop varieties arising In spite of its importance to food security, food safety
from international investment in the Green Revolution. and food quality, the post-harvest sector has long been
Nevertheless, vast numbers of people are malnourished, the poor relation of agricultural development. One possi-
notably in sub-Saharan Africa where one in three people ble reason for this is that many of its proponents have fo-
are food-insecure. cused exclusively on their specifi c commodity sub-sec-
Efforts to improve harvest yield and quality continue tors, with separation of teams working on grains, roots
apace, including contentious research on biotechnology and tubers, tree crops, oilseeds, fruit and vegetables. In
and genetic modifi cation in plant and animal breed- recent years there has been greater convergence and in-
ing. Increasingly, however, international attention in teraction of these sub-sectors, and thus the development
agricultural development is focused on issues, not of of cross-commodity post-harvest sectoral thinking. This
food production per se, but of people’s access to safe three-volume series brings together the results of these
and nutritious food, which is compromised – and not interactions for the fi rst time in what should become the
just in developing countries – by poverty, war or civil standard text on post-harvest technology.
insecurity, social or political exclusion, ignorance, ill-
health, ineffective markets, and inadequate food quality Chris Haines
management. Self-evidently, several of these constraints Professor of Post-Harvest Technology
to access are only amenable to social and political solu- Natural Resources Institute
tions. However, many barriers to access could be solved University of Greenwich
xi