Table Of ContentStakeholders, the Environment and Society
NEW PERSPECTIVES IN RESEARCH ON CORPORATE
SUSTAINABILITY
Series Editors:Sanjay Sharma,Professor ofPolicy and Sustainability,School of
Business and Economics,Wilfrid Laurier University,Canada and Mark Starik,
Associate Professor ofStrategic Management and Public Policy,School ofBusiness
and Public Management,The George Washington University,USA
The complex interactions between organizations,the natural environment and
society within the context of corporate sustainability is the central theme of this
unique series.Each volume will focus on a particular issue and will consist of
original contributions from leading scholars on the three sectors of interest
(business,governments and non-profits).Topics will include corporate
sustainability and performance;stakeholders;organizational change;strategy;
small businesses and sustainability;government policy;alliances,networks and
partnerships;and multi-level sustainability interactions.
Research in Corporate Sustainability
The Evolving Theory and Practice of Organizations
in the Natural Environment
Edited by Sanjay Sharma and Mark Starik
Stakeholders,the Environment and Society
Edited by Sanjay Sharma and Mark Starik
Stakeholders, the
Environment and
Society
Edited by
Sanjay Sharma
Wilfred Laurier University,Canada
Mark Starik
The George Washington University,USA
NEW PERSPECTIVES IN RESEARCH ON CORPORATE
SUSTAINABILITY
Edward Elgar
Cheltenham,UK • Northampton,MA,USA
© Sanjay Sharma and Mark Starik,2004
All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in
a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,
mechanical or photocopying,recording,or otherwise without the prior
permission of the publisher.
Published by
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited
Glensanda House
Montpellier Parade
Cheltenham
Glos GL50 1UA
UK
Edward Elgar Publishing,Inc.
136 West Street
Suite 202
Northampton
Massachusetts 01060
USA
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
Library ofCongress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Stakeholders,the environment and society/[editors],Sanjay Sharma,
Mark Starik.
p. cm.— (New perspectives in research on corporate sustainability)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.Sustainable development.2.Social responsibility of business.
3.Corporations—Environmental aspects.I.Sharma,Sanjay.
II.Starik,Mark,1951– .III.Series.
HC79.E5.S8635 2004
658.4’083—dc22 2004050642
ISBN1 84376 459 8
Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd,Bodmin,Cornwall
Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables viii
List of appendices ix
List of contributors x
1. Stakeholders,the environment and society:multiple
perspectives,emerging consensus 1
Sanjay SharmaandMark Starik
2. Stakeholders and the management of freshwater resources in
New Zealand:a critical commons perspective 23
P.Ali MemonandJohn W.Selsky
3. Influential environmental stakeholders:a grounded model of
processes for effecting change 62
Jamie R.Hendry
4. Stakeholder influence strategies for smarter growth 93
Duane Windsor
5. Toward stakeholder responsibility and stakeholder motivation:
systemic and holistic perspectives on corporate sustainability 117
Nikolay A.Dentchev and Aimé Heene
6. Who speaks for the trees? Invoking an ethic of care to give
voice to the silent stakeholder 140
Linda M.Sama,Stephanie A.Welcomer and Virginia W.Gerde
7. Managing organisational project risks of stakeholder
demands in industrial investments 166
Rianne de Leeuw and Joram Krozer
8. Organizational innovation as an opportunity for sustainable
enterprise:standardization as a potential constraint 185
David Wheeler and Michelle Ng
v
vi Stakeholders,the environment and society
9. Contributions of product-oriented environmental
management to corporate sustainability 212
Frank G.A.de Bakker
10. Institutional pressure and environmental management
practices 230
Magali A.DelmasandMichael W.Toffel
11. Environmental management systems and sustainability:
a framework for understanding stakeholder influence 246
Deborah Rigling Gallagher
12. The ecological modernization of organizational fields:
a framework for analysis 270
Renato J.Orsato
Index 307
Figures
3.1 Process model:issues,industries,tactics and targeted firms 71
4.1 Ecological and social destruction scenario 97
4.2 Smarter growth scenario 97
4.3 Collaboration and implementation network for value
creation and performance improvements 102
4.4 Influence networks affecting performance improvements 103
5.1 Stakeholder motivation process 128
8.1 Importance of providing environmental performance data
to stakeholders compared with demand:perceptions of
environmental managers of ISO 14001 certified companies
in Ontario 196
8.2 Level of willingness of ISO 14001 certified companies in
Ontario to provide basic data or full reports on
environmental,social or economic performance in the future 197
10.1 A model of institutional pressures moderated by parent
company and plant characteristics 234
11.1 Effect of stakeholder influence,facility culture and
experience on facility EMS design 261
12.1 The ecological modernization framework (EMF) 276
vii
Tables
2.1 The Resource Management Act:functions by levels of
government 35
3.1 Comparison of ENGOs studied 67
3.2 Stories told by ENGO representatives 69
6.1 Comparing the ethic of care model with the traditional
stakeholder model 156
7.1 Simulation of the costs of extra risk and delays on
repayment of a loan connected with non-compliance with
stakeholders’demands 170
7.2 Chance of liability caused by stakeholder demands 176
7.3 Main environmental impacts of magnesium production and
possible solutions 176
9.1 Main stimuli for engaging in POEM 220
9.2 Main barriers to engaging in POEM 221
11.1 Key influences on facilities designing EMSs 251
viii
Appendices
2.1 Canterbury dairying arena:stakeholder groups and
perspectives 52
7.1 Overview of the demands of stakeholders 180
10.1 Examples of environmental management practices 241
ix
Contributors
Frank G.A.de Bakkeris an Assistant Professor in Strategic Management
at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the Vrije Universiteit,Amsterdam,the
Netherlands. He obtained his PhD at the University of Twente. His PhD
research focused on organizational aspects of product-oriented environ-
mental management.Insights on capability building processes,stakeholder
theory and ideas on continuous improvement and total quality manage-
ment were combined in that research. His work has been published in
Business Strategy and the Environment,Journal of Industrial Ecology,and
Journal of Cleaner Production, among others. At present, his research is
focused on corporate social responsibility,institutional change and social
movements.
Rianne de Leeuw is a Research Associate at University of Twente,
CSTM/Cartesius Institute,the Netherlands.Her research focuses on envi-
ronmental and social interests in business investment decisions.She is pro-
gramme manager of the international ‘Master of Environmental Business
Administration;Environmental and Energy Management’.This is a joint
programme of the Centre for Clean Technology and Environmental Policy
(CSTM), the Cartesius Institute and the Technology and Development
Group (TDG) of the University of Twente.
Magali A. Delmas is an Assistant Professor of Business Strategy at the
Donald Bren School of Environmental Science & Management at the
University of California Santa Barbara.She received her PhD from HEC
Graduate School of Management in Paris and previously studied at the
Institut d’Etudes Politiques of Paris. Prior to embarking on an academic
career, Magali Delmas worked in Corporate Strategy at Framatome, a
nuclear engineering company. She subsequently worked at the European
Commission at the Directorate General for Industry where she was the eco-
nomic advisor of the Director General.She was also a consultant in Public
Policy Evaluation and Strategic Management at CM International,Paris.
Magali Delmas’ research is on the interaction between regulation and
firms’ competitive strategies. She is currently analysing how alternative
forms ofenvironmental regulations,such as voluntary agreements and self-
regulation, can impact firms’competitive advantage. Magali Delmas has
x
