Cool Appliances : Policy Strategies for Energy-Efficient Homes.

233 Pages·2003·1.39 MB·English

by  OECD

prepaCool A 3/02/03 12:49 Page 1
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
COOL
APPLIANCES
Policy Strategies for
Energy Efficient Homes
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
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Policy Strategies for
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR
9, rue de la Fédération, ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France AND DEVELOPMENT
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November 1974 within the framework of the into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and for Economic Co-operation and Development
Development (OECD) to implement an inter- (OECD) shall promote policies designed:
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• to achieve the highest sustainable economic
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Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United
energy sources and increasing the efficiency of
Kingdom and the United States. The following
energy use;
countries became Members subsequently
• to assist in the integration of environmental and through accession at the dates indicated
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(28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971),
* IEA Member countries: Australia, Austria, New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th
Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd
Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, November 1996), the Republic of Korea (12th
the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, December 1996) and Slovakia (28th September
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United 2000). The Commission of the European
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Commission also takes part in the work of the IEA. (Article 13 of the OECD Convention).
© OECD/IEA, 2003
Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this publication should be made to:
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table of contents
PREFACE
Almost one third of all the electricity produced in IEA Member countries
ends up in our domestic refrigerators, dishwashers, ovens, lamps and
other common household devices.The energy efficiency of this equipment
has a major impact on how much electricity we need to produce and,
depending upon the mix of fuels used for power generation,how much
greenhouse gas is emitted to the atmosphere.
This publication describes,for the first time and in substantial detail,the
electricity consumed in IEA member countries by each residential end-
use. It assesses how many greenhouse gas emissions, and how much
electricity, could be saved if more ambitious policy settings were
introduced.It also examines the impact of current policy settings.Finally
it explains and discusses the policies and strategies that could cost-
effectively deliver additional savings.
The governments of the IEA Member countries are making renewed
efforts to enhance energy security and combat climate change,and they
are seeking the most cost-effective strategies to achieve these goals.In
the residential appliance sector alone, we find that up to 24% of
projected electricity consumption could be avoided by 2010,and up to
33% by 2030, with the rapid introduction of stronger but still cost-
effective energy efficiency policies.Energy efficiency could be the largest
single energy resource for fuelling our residential electricity needs in the
future. As this publication only models those energy efficiency
improvements that are cost effective, the resulting greenhouse gas
reductions are obtained at negative cost.
This book should be of considerable value to policy makers to introduce,
strengthen,and expand energy efficiency policies and programmes.The
approach should benefit not only IEA Member countries but also any
other country,especially in the developing world.
Claude Mandil
Executive Director
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table of contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Cool Appliances:Policy Strategies for Energy-Efficient Homes is the fruit
of a two year effort undertaken by the Office of Energy Efficiency,
Technology and R&D under the direction of Marianne Haug.Benoît
Lebot,of the IEA,managed this programme,with the support of the
Head of the Energy Efficiency Policy Analysis Division,first Carmen
Difligio and then Phil Harrington.The work benefited greatly from
the substantial input and expertise of Mr Paul Waide of PW
Consulting in UK and Mr John Newman,a private consultant from
the USA.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1 ELECTRICITY DEMAND AND
CO EMISSIONS OF APPLIANCES . . . . 27
2
2 POLICIES USED IN IEA MEMBER
COUNTRIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3 THE IMPACT OF CURRENT AND
FUTURE POLICIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4 LESSONS LEARNED AND
APPLIANCE POLICIES DESIGN. . . . . . 135
5 FUTURE SHOCK: CHALLENGES
FROM A NEW GENERATION OF
APPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
6 NECESSITY AND BENEFITS OF
INTERNATIONAL POLICY
CO-ORDINATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
ANNEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . 213
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
■ Figure ES.1 Residential electricity consumption in
four major OECD regions,2000 . . . . . . . . 12
■ Figure ES.2 Projected IEA residential electricity
consumption by end-use with current policies 13
■ Figure ES.3 Residential electrical appliance electricity
consumption under No Policy,Current Policy
and Least Life-Cycle Cost 2005 scenarios in
IEA countries,1990 to 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . 14
■ Figure 1.1 Share of residential electricity consumption
by major end-use in 22 IEA countries in
1990 and 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
■ Figure 1.2 Average proportion of household lighting
energy consumption by room in typical
Danish and German households . . . . . . . . . . 41
■ Figure 3.1 Share of EU cold appliance market by
labelling class from 1990-92 to 1999 . . . . . 93
■ Figure 3.2 Results of Swiss target value programme,
as of the end of 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
■ Figure 3.3 Average energy consumption for new
refrigerators in the United States . . . . . . . 95
■ Figure 3.4 The distribution of refrigerator energy
efficiency in the EU before and after energy
labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
■ Figure 3.5 Residential electricity consumption by end-use
in the 22 IEA Member Countries for the
Current Policies and No Policies Scenarios 100
■ Figure 3.6 Residential electricity savings for the
Current Policies scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
■ Figure 3.7 Residential electricity consumption per
household for the Current Policies and No
Policies scenarios by region . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
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■ Figure 3.8 Normalised life-cycle cost (LCC) as a function
of energy-efficiency index (EEI) for European
refrigerators as estimated via a techno-
economic energy-engineering analysis . . . . 112
■ Figure 3.9 Projected OECD residential electricity
consumption by end-use under
the Least Life-Cycle Cost efficiency levels
in 2005 scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
■ Figure 3.10 Residential electricity-related indirect CO
2
emissions in the OECD for the No Policies,
Current Policies and Least Life-Cycle Cost
efficiency levels in 2005 scenarios . . . . . . . 123
■ Figure 3.11 Residential electricity savings for
the Least Life-Cycle Cost efficiency levels
from 2005 scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
■ Figure 3.12 Residential electricity consumption per
household for the Least Life-Cycle Cost
efficiency levels from 2005 scenario and
the Current Policies scenario by region . . 124
■ Figure 3.13 Projected IEA residential electricity savings
by end-use for the Least Life-Cycle Cost
efficiency levels from 2005 scenario compared
with the Current Policies scenario . . . . . . 125
■ Figure 3.14 Projected IEA electricity savings by end-use
for the Least Life-Cycle Cost efficiency
scenario compared with the Current
Policies scenario in 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
■ Figure 4.1 Generalised schema showing the relationship
of life-cycle costs,energy efficiency and energy
prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
■ Table 1.1 End-use energy consumption profile of
OECD countries,2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
■ Table 1.2 Average annual household energy use,
appliance ownership and unit energy
consumption,2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
■ Table 1.3 Energy efficacy levels and useful life spans
of various household lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
■ Table 1.4 Use of compact fluorescent lamps in
OECD countries,in 1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
■ Table 1.5 World CFL sales (million lamps) . . . . . . . 39
■ Table 1.6 Average household hot water usage in
Queensland, Australia in 1993 . . . . . . . . . 42
■ Table 1.7 Stock,Unit energy consumption and national
energy consumption of miscellaneous electrical
end uses in the US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
■ Table 2.1 Use of labels,standards and targets
programmes for major home appliances
(as of January 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
■ Table 2.2 Summary of appliance policy instruments in
Australia and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . 58
■ Table 2.3 Summary of European Union appliance policy
instruments (current and under negotiation) 62
■ Table 2.4 Summary of appliance policy instruments
in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
■ Table 2.5 Expected energy savings from the Top Runner
programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
■ Table 2.6 Summary of appliance policy instruments
in South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
■ Table 2.7 Energy efficiency regulations and programmes
in South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
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■ Table 2.8 Summary of appliance policy instruments
in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
■ Table 2.9 Summary of appliance policy instruments
in the US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
■ Table 2.10 Minimum energy performance standards for
residential electrical equipment in the US . . 83
■ Table 3.1 Estimated carbon dioxide emission reductions
for currently adopted OECD
North American residential appliance
efficiency policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
■ Table 3.2 Estimated carbon dioxide emission reductions
for currently adopted OECD European
residential appliance efficiency
policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
■ Table 3.3 Federal government expenditures to
implement US appliance efficiency
programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
■ Table 3.4 Comparing national budgets for appliance
energy efficiency in different IEA
economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
■ Table 3.5 Energy-efficiency index (EEI),energy
consumption and incremental purchase price
for cold appliances with the least life-cycle cost
(LLCC) for each cold appliance category . . 111
■ Table 3.6 Estimated carbon dioxide emission reductions
when the currently adopted OECD North
American residential appliance policies are
complemented by LLCC efficiency measures
from 2005 onwards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
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