Conservation Agriculture: An Approach to Combat Climate Change in Indian Himalaya

561 Pages·2016·10.51 MB·English

by  Jaideep Kumar Bisht

Jaideep Kumar Bisht · Vijay Singh Meena
Pankaj Kumar Mishra
Arunava Pattanayak Editors
Conservation
Agriculture
An Approach to Combat Climate Change
in Indian Himalaya
Conservation Agriculture
Jaideep Kumar Bisht (cid:129) Vijay Singh Meena
Pankaj Kumar Mishra (cid:129) Arunava Pattanayak
Editors
Conservation Agriculture
An Approach to Combat Climate
Change in Indian Himalaya
Editors
JaideepKumarBisht VijaySinghMeena
ICAR-VivekanandaInstituteofHill ICAR-VivekanandaInstituteofHill
Agriculture Agriculture
Almora,Uttarakhand Almora,Uttarakhand
India India
PankajKumarMishra ArunavaPattanayak
ICAR-VivekanandaInstituteofHill ICAR-VivekanandaInstituteofHill
Agriculture Agriculture
Almora,Uttarakhand Almora,Uttarakhand
India India
ISBN978-981-10-2557-0 ISBN978-981-10-2558-7 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-981-10-2558-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016959265
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016
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Foreword
The Himalayan region with distinct ecosystem and climatic conditions is an ideal
habitatofnumerousuniquefloraandfauna,whichalsoprovidesanaturalresource
basetoalargepartoftheIndiansubcontinentsincethetimeimmemorial.Recog-
nition as one of the global biodiversity hotspots and predominance of diverse
agricultural forms in the region reflect the prevalence of rich diversity all across
the Himalayan ecosystem. But nowadays, the climate change (CC), faced world-
wide,hasbecomeamajorglobalconcern.And,theIndianHimalayanregion(IHR)
isalsonotunperturbedbyCCimpacts.Infact,ithasbecomehighlyvulnerableto
thegloballychangingclimate.TheseCCimpactsarereflectedintermsofgeneral
consequences such as unpredictable or erratic rainfall patterns, drying up of local
springsandstreams,speciesmigratingtodifferentelevations,shiftsinsowingand
harvestingperiodsofcrops,emergenceofinvasivespecies,increasingevidencesof
disease/pestincropsaswellasfodderspeciesandmanymoreunpredictablethreats
totheecologicalsecurity.
TocombatwiththeseCCchallenges,anurgentneedhasbeenfelttimeandagain
tomitigate thechallengesbysufficientfoodproduction,whichisfeasibleonlyby
adopting eco-friendly conservation agriculture practices in the IHR. Agriculture
can help not only in ensuring food security for the growing global population but
alsoinreducingthegreenhousegas(GHG)emission.Observingthehighvulnerability
and dependency of the agriculture-based food production on CC, a new time-tested
v
vi Foreword
approach/technique is the need of the present time, which should be adaptable and
resilienttoCC.
Nowadays,underthechangingclimaticscenariotheconservationagricultureis
the proven best, operational, integrated management approach of agroecology to
manage agroecosystems, which helps in mitigating the CC impacts, improving
C-sequestration, ensuring sustainable food security with increased profits and
resilience to cope with extreme weather, protecting land degradation, restoring
carbon in the soil and thus reducing global carbon footprint while preserving the
resourcebaseandtheenvironmentintheIHR.
Onthegroundofold,historicparadigmofknowledgeandmethodologies,short-
termprojects,inadequateconservationagricultureequipment,outdatedexperimental
set-ups,etc.areamongthemajorconstraintsfacedbytheresearchanddevelopment
(R&D)aswell asfarming communities alike. Tobring agriculture atthe forefront,
farmers seek advices from the researchers and government and are ready to adopt
bothimprovedfarmingsystemsandstate-of-the-arttechnologiesthatcanallowthem
toadapttothechangingclimate,beitgradualoraberrantemergentchange.
In the wake of CC, this is an opportune time to bring out the book entitled
Conservation Agriculture: An Approach to Combat Climate Change in Indian
Himalaya, edited by Drs. J.K. Bisht, V.S. Meena, P.K. Mishra and A. Pattanayak,
whichpresentsinnovativepracticesandactsasanessentialreferenceandknowledge
base on sustainable conservation agriculture for all, i.e. the scholars, scientists and
professorsononehandanddevelopmentofficialsandpolicy-makersontheother.At
this outset, I congratulate them all for their great endeavours in the direction of
“conservationagriculture”vis-a`-vis“climatechange(CC)”andappreciatetheeditors
and authors for guiding the Himalayan communities towards an environmentally
securedandflourishingHimalayanregion.
G.B.PantNationalInstituteofHimalayan (P.P.Dhyani)
EnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment Director
Kosi-Katarmal,Almora
Uttarakhand,India
Contents
1 ConservationAgricultureandClimateChange:AnOverview. . . . 1
MahipalChoudhary,PrakashChandGhasal,SandeepKumar,
R.P.Yadav,SherSingh,VijaySinghMeena,andJaideepKumarBisht
2 ConservationAgriculture:ANewParadigmforImprovingInput
UseEfficiencyandCropProductivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
B.P.Meena,A.O.Shirale,M.L.Dotaniya,PramodJha,A.L.Meena,
A.K.Biswas,andA.K.Patra
3 ResourceConservationTechnologies(RCTs)forClimate-Resilient
AgricultureintheFoothillofNorthwestHimalayas. . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SanjayAroraandRajanBhatt
4 RoleofBiofertilizersinConservationAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
MahendraSingh,M.L.Dotaniya,AmitMishra,C.K.Dotaniya,
K.L.Regar,andManjuLata
5 SustainableAgrochemicalsforConservationofAgriculture
andClimateChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
ShrikaantKulkarni
6 RoleofGeneticResourcesofForagesinthePresentChanging
ClimaticScenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
GitanjaliSahay,PradeepSaxena,ShahidAhmed,TejveerSingh,
andSevaNayak
7 TowardClimateChangeandCommunity-Based
Adaptation-MitigationStrategiesinHillAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . 185
RenuJethi,KushagraJoshi,andNirmalChandra
8 AgroforestryforNaturalResourceConservation,Livelihood
SecurityandClimateChangeMitigationinHimalayan
Agroecosystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
D.R.PalsaniyaandP.K.Ghosh
vii
viii Contents
9 ElevatedCarbonDioxide(CO )andTemperature
2
vis-a-visCarbonSequestrationPotentialofGlobal
TerrestrialEcosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
M.L.Dotaniya,S.Rajendiran,B.P.Meena,A.L.Meena,
C.K.Dotaniya,B.L.Meena,R.L.Jat,andJ.K.Saha
10 ClimateChangeRiskPerception,AdaptationandMitigation
Strategy:AnExtensionOutlookinMountainHimalaya. . . . . . . . . 257
AnirbanMukherjee,ShantanuRakshit,ArindamNag,MrinmoyRay,
H.L.Kharbikar,KumariShubha,SujitSarkar,SudiptaPaul,
SubhodeepRoy,AniruddhaMaity,VijaySinghMeena,
andR.RoyBurman
11 TowardtheCSequestrationPotentialofAgroforestryPractices
toCombatClimateChangeinKumaonHimalaya,India. . . . . . . . 293
R.P.Yadav,JaideepKumarBisht,B.Gupta,andT.Mondal
12 SoilConservationofNorthwesternHimalayas(NWH):Their
ConstraintsandPotentialsforSustainableHillAgriculture. . . . . . 315
GurjantS.Sidhu
13 TowardstheSustainableManagementofProblematicSoils
inNortheastIndia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
RakeshKumarandVijaySinghMeena
14 TheIndianHimalayanEcosystemasSourceforSurvival. . . . . . . . 367
InduBhushan,AshokKumar,JaiSinghPatel,R.P.Yadav,
SherSingh,RamawatarMeena,SunitaKumariMeena,
andVijaySinghMeena
15 SoilDegradationinNorth-WestHimalayas(NWH):
ACaseStudyofHimachalPradesh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
GurjantS.SidhuandR.P.Yadav
16 TowardstheNaturalResourceManagementforResilient
ShiftingCultivationSysteminEasternHimalayas. . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
RakeshKumar,M.K.Patra,A.Thirugnanavel,D.Chatterjee,
andBidyutC.Deka
17 Impact,AdaptationStrategiesandVulnerabilityofIndian
AgricultureTowardstheClimateChange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
VedPrakash,SantoshKumar,S.K.Dwivedi,K.K.Rao,
andJ.S.Mishra
18 PotentialImpactsofClimateChangeonQualitySeed
Production:APerspectiveofHillAgriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
AniruddhaMaity,DunnaVijay,AnirbanMukherjee,
andAmritLamichaney
Contents ix
19 ImpactofClimateChangeonWaterResourcesinIndian
Himalaya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
PragatiPramanikandDebaratiBhaduri
20 DiversityAmongRiceLandracesUnderStatic(ExSitu)
andDynamic(On-Farm)Management:ACasefrom
North-WesternIndianHimalayas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
SantoshKumar,S.K.Dwivedi,VedPrakash,K.K.Rao,S.K.Samal,
andJ.S.Mishra
21 EffectofClimateChangeonGrowthandPhysiology
ofRice-WheatGenotypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
S.K.Dwivedi,SantoshKumar,VedPrakash,andJ.S.Mishra
22 RiceBreedingforDroughtToleranceUndertheChanging
ClimateScenario. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 545
SantoshKumar,S.K.Dwivedi,VedPrakash,K.K.Rao,S.K.Samal,
J.S.Mishra,andA.Kumar
Contributors
ShahidAhmed CropImprovementDivision,ICAR-IndianGrasslandandFodder
ResearchInstitute,Jhansi,India
SanjayArora RegionalResearchStation,CentralSoilSalinityResearchInstitute
(ICAR),Lucknow,UttarPradesh,India
DebaratiBhaduri ICAR-DirectorateofGroundnutResearch,Junagadh,Gujarat,
India
Rajan Bhatt Farm Advisory Service Scheme, Tarn Taran, Punjab Agricultural
University,Ludhiana,Punjab,India
InduBhushan DepartmentofBiotechnology,ShriMataVaishnoDeviUniversity,
Katra,Jammu&Kashmir,India
Jaideep Kumar Bisht ICAR-Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora,
Uttarakhand,India
A.K.Biswas ICAR-IndianInstituteofSoilScience,Bhopal,India
R.RoyBurman ICAR-IndianAgriculturalResearchInstitute,NewDelhi,India
Nirmal Chandra ICAR-Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora,
Uttarakhand,India
D. Chatterjee ICAR-RC for NEH Region Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani,
Medziphema,India
Mahipal Choudhary ICAR-Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture, Almora,
Uttarakhand,India
Bidyut C. Deka ICAR-RC for NEH Region Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani,
Medziphema,India
C.K.Dotaniya CollegeofAgriculture,SKRAU,Bikaner,India
M.L.Dotaniya ICAR-IndianInstituteofSoilScience,Bhopal,India
S.K.Dwivedi ICAR-ResearchComplexforEasternRegion,Patna,India
xi