Concrete Solutions: Proceedings of Concrete Solutions, 4th International Conference on Concrete Repair, Dresden, Germany, 26-28 September 2011

815 Pages·2012·35.831 MB·English

by  Viktor Mechtcherine, Ulrich Schneck, Mike Grantham

CONCRETE SOLUTIONS
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PROCEEDINGS OF CONCRETE SOLUTIONS, 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
CONCRETE REPAIR, DRESDEN, GERMANY, 26–28 SEPTEMBER 2011
Concrete Solutions
Editors
Michael Grantham
Concrete Solutions, Margate, Kent, UK
Sandberg LLP, London UK
Viktor Mechtcherine
Institute of Construction Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technische
Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Ulrich Schneck
CITec GmbH, Concrete Improvement Technologies, Dresden OT Cossebaude, Germany

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Cover photo credits: The ASR photo by Eric R. Giannini of the University of Texas at Austin and the
repair of the cooling tower by Mieczyslaw Kaminski of Wroclaw University.
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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ISBN: 978-0-415-61622-5 (Hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-13468-9 (eBook)
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Concrete Solutions – Grantham, Mechtcherine & Schneck (eds)
© 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-61622-5
Table of contents
Preface xi
Core sponsor xiii
Case studies
Case study for the construction repair of destructive skeleton concrete building by lateral forces 3
A.S.A. Al-Ameeri
Analysis of damage and repair techniques of cracked structural elements in an underground
part of a high RC building 9
G. Dmochowski, J. Dudkiewicz & P. Berkowski
The refurbishment of Bideford Longbridge 15
J. Drewett & N. Bott
Concept of concrete slab repairs of a flood water dry reservoir 19
A. Duber & A. Pawlowski
An innovative repair and refurbishment of an underground car park in Dresden, Germany 25
H. Esteves, U. Hammer, S. Mayer & P. Chess
Damage evaluation and repair proposals for reinforced concrete foundations with corrosion
damage, and power line towers on a lagoon, Colima, Mexico 31
A. Garduno & A. Reyes
Diagnosis and repair of cracking to an old 1880’s concrete house for
Channel 4 Television, UK 39
M.G. Grantham, S. Pitchers & S. Jones
Vulnerability assessment of the concrete tanks storage at natural hazards 45
H. Hammoum, K. Bouzelha, N.E. Hannachi & D. Serre
From concrete repair to concrete conservation: How to preserve the heritage values
of historic concrete 55
H.A. Heinemann, H. Zijlstra, R.P.J. van Hees & T.G. Nijland
Stitching the past—“The strengthening of two heritage marine structures in Jersey

with needling technology” 69
S. Hold
Strengthening and rehabilitation of two damaged bridges in the motorway M-410 in Madrid 79
C. Jurado Cabañes
Extent of condition assessment of concrete building—practical experiences 85
J. Lahdensivu & S. Varjonen
Fabrication technology-related cracking of prestressed concrete elements 91
A.-T. Mircea
Proposal for the retrofit of the world heritage site of Arge Bam after earthquake damage 95
J. Motamed & A.M. Alani
Corrosion damage of centrifuged reinforced concrete elements 101
I. Pepenar
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Investigation of a repair system in a concrete jetty in the Persian Gulf 105
R. Rashetnia, A. Dousti, F. Moradi-Marani & M. Shekarchi
Non-destructive diagnosis and repair of 300 concrete columns beneath a shopping
mall under full operation 113
U. Schneck
Electrochemical repair
Use of electrochemical migration to mitigate alkali-silica reaction in large scale concrete structures 123
A.F. Bentivegna, E.R. Giannini & K.J. Folliard
Maintenance of transport structures using electrochemical solutions 133
R. Brueckner, C. Atkins, A. Foster, R. Merola & P. Lambert
A new approach for the patch repair of car parks using galvanic anodes 141
C. Christodoulou, J. Webb, G. Glass, S. Austin & C. Goodier
Short-term benefits of cathodic protection of steel in concrete 147
J. Pacheco, R.B. Polder, A.L.A. Fraaij & J.M.C. Mol
Performance and working life of cathodic protection systems for concrete structures 157
R.B. Polder, D. Worm, W. Courage & G. Leegwater
Galvanic corrosion protection of steel in concrete with a zinc mesh anode embedded
into a solid electrolyte (EZA) 163
W. Schwarz, F. Müllner & A. van den Hondel
General repair
Punching strengthening of two-way slabs using a prestressing technique 177
T.F. El-Shafiey & A.M. Atta
Preconditioning concrete for better freeze-thaw durability 187
A. Badr
Effect of using corrosion inhibitors on concrete properties and their activity 195
H.M. Al-Baghdadi & A.M.A. Amir
The use of performance-based specifications to prevent repair of reinforced concrete structures 205
H. Beushausen
An experimental study on the inhibition of calcium nitrite, amino alcohol and sodium
fluorophosphate as reinforced concrete protection 215
A. El shami, M. Choinska, S. Bonnet, P. Mounanga & A. Khelidj
Hybrid connections—the sustainable approach for prefabricated frame structures 227
A. Faur & C. Mircea
Pumping influence on fresh properties of self-consolidating concrete 233

N. Ghafoori, H. Diawara, D. Nyknahad, M. Barfield & M.S. Islam
A comparative study of anti-corrosion products for the protection of reinforcement in monuments 237
A. Gralińska-Grubecka & J.W. Łukaszewicz
Comparison of concrete expansion and stiffness due to alkali-silica reactivity 243
M.S. Islam & N. Ghafoori
Evaluation of restrained shrinkage of repair materials under the local environment of Riyadh 251
M.I. Khan, T.H. Almusallam, S.H. Alsayed, Y.A. Al-Salloum & A.A. Almosa
Experimental research of the intensity of corrosion processes influence by tensile stress
for reinforcing steel covered with polymer sulphur composites 257
M. Książek
Corrosion analysis of reinforced geopolymer concretes 267
K. Kupwade-Patil, E.N. Allouche, S. Vaidya & E.I. Diaz-Loya
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The role of ascorbic acid on the adsorption to passive iron surface 279
H. Tian, W. Li, B. Hou & D. Wang
Geopolymer concrete: A concrete of the next decade 287
D.B. Raijiwala & H.S. Patil
Numerical investigation on the effect of concrete-FRP bond on the flexural behavior of RC beams 293
S. Sajedi, F. Ghassemzadeh, M. Shekarchi, F. Faraji & M. Soleimani
Evaluation of the hydration of concrete mixtures by ultrasonic testing 299
A.A. Shah & Y. Ribakov
Self crack healing of strain hardening cementitious composite incorporating expansive agent and
crystalline additive 307
K. Sisomphon, O. Copuroglu & E.A.B. Koenders
Properties of fine cement concretes with carbonaceous nanoparticles 313
S.N. Tolmachev & O.A. Belichenko
The search for alternative reinforcement materials for concrete 325
H.G. Wheat & S. Dale
Determination of the crack self-healing capacity of bacterial concrete 331
V. Wiktor & H.M. Jonkers
Degradation mechanism and repair technology of a concrete structure of a railway
ballastless track 335
Z. Yi, H. Li, Y. Xie & Y. Tan
Non destructive testing and diagnosis of problems
Computerized assessment of the moisture and thermal originated deterioration of concrete facades 343
F. Al-Neshawy, J. Piironen & J. Puttonen
Non-destructive electrical resistivity measurement technique: Evaluation of concrete strengths 349
N.H. El-Ashkar
Applicability of an electromagnetic wave method for estimation of chloride content
of coastal structures 359
J. Nojima & T. Mizobuchi
A fundamental study on quantitative assessment of steel corrosion by a new NDT method
with induction heating 369
K. Kobayashi, R. Nakamura, K. Rokugo & S. Nakazawa
Comparative study of techniques to evaluate the corrosion activity of rebars embedded
in concrete 377
E. Marie-Victoire, A. Proust, V. L’Hostis & F. Vallot
Evaluation of mechanical parameters in repair concrete with impact-echo test method 387

S.R. Moghadam, M.H. Eftekhar, M. Shekarchi, S. Javidmehr, A. Dousti & M. Valipour
Wireless localization of areas with a high corrosion risk on reinforced concrete structures 391
K. Reichling & M. Raupach
Automated multi-sensor systems in civil engineering for condition assessment of concrete structures 397
M. Stoppel, A. Taffe, H. Wiggenhauser, J.H. Kurz & C. Boller
A study on non-destructive measurement using Prompt Gamma-ray Analysis of chloride
profile in concrete 405
I. Ujike, S. Okazaki, M. Yamate & H. Matsue
NDT based evaluation of rubber modified self-compacting concrete 413
M. Usman, M. Rahman & A. Al-Ghalib
Evaluation of bridge decks using Ground Probing Radar (GPR) 419
V. Utsi & A. Birtwisle
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Structural life management system of box culverts for power transmission lines 423
S.K. Woo, Y.C. Song, J.H. Jo, J.H. Park & Y. Lee
Modular Corrosion Measurement System (CMS) for electrochemical NDT 427
K. Ahlborn, F. Berthold, W. Vonau, H. Grünzig, U. Schneck, H. Jahn & J. Köhler
Patch repair
Application of polymer concrete in repair of concrete structures: A literature review 435
R. Allahvirdizadeh, R. Rashetnia, A. Dousti & M. Shekarchi
Benchmarking laboratory investigated locally available repair materials against their
manufacturer’s data sheets 445
M.I. Khan, T.H. Almusallam, S.H. Alsayed, Y.A. Al-Salloum & A.A. Almosa
Influence of selected aspects of the mixture proportioning on the performance
of repair mortars 451
P. Ramge, H.-C. Kühnen & B. Meng
A rational method for calculation of restrained shrinkage stresses in repaired concrete members 461
S. Sajedi, A. Razavizadeh, Z. Minaii, F. Ghassemzadeh & M. Shekarchi
Discussion on crack path of interface between concrete and polymer cement mortar 467
K. Yamada, A. Satoh, T. Homma, S. Ishiyama & Y. Shinohara
Scaling resistance and application of cementitious repair mortars for concrete barriers 479
W. Yang, Y. Ge, X. Cai & X. Chen
Repair of fire damage
Basic techniques for the damage assessment of concrete members after fire 487
E. Annerel & L. Taerwe
Behaviour of concrete containing lightweight expanded clay aggregates under high temperatures 491
H. Kew, T. Donchev & N. Petkune
Fire damaged concrete—the potential for on-going deterioration post-fire in concrete heated
to temperatures of less than 300°C 497
M.A. Eden
Flexural behavior of partially restrained beams of self compacting concrete exposed to fire flame 503
G. Habeeb & A. Al-Juborry
Assessment of fire damage of an old RC structure 511
Gh. Petrovay & C. Mircea
Assessing concrete repair after thermal exposure: Effect of aggregates on 3D response 517
G. Xotta, V.A. Salomoni & C.E. Majorana
Service life modelling

The application of simple modeling techniques to corrosion induced deterioration
of reinforced concrete 527
J.P. Broomfield
A critical examination of the chloride migration test to assess the resistance of concrete
against chloride ingress 535
J.J.W. Gulikers
Calculating the need for repair of concrete facades in the Finnish climate 541
A. Köliö & J. Lahdensivu
Prediction of reliability of utility tunnel structures subject to dynamic loads 547
M. Kurgansky, V. Gaponov & S. Pavlov
Service life prediction of underground concrete pipes subjected to corrosion 551
M. Mahmoodian & C.Q. Li
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Repairing structures for nuclear facilities: A numerical approach by means of FEM
and Monte Carlo techniques 557
B. Pomaro, V.A. Salomoni, C.E. Majorana, F. Gramegna & G. Prete
Multi-physics numerical model for the repair of concrete structures 565
G. Sciumè & B.A. Schrefler
Strengthening materials and techniques/repair with composites
Damage and repair quantification in reinforced concrete beams using vibration data 575
A. Al-Ghalib, F. Mohammad, M. Rahman & J. Chilton
Flexural behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with CFRP composites 585
M.K. Ali, D.B. Tann & A.I. Abu-Tair
Safety of RC highway bridges strengthened with CFRP; flexural and shear limit states 593
O. Ali & D. Bigaud
Strengthening of rectangular reinforced concrete columns using fiber glass reinforced polymers 607
A.H. Elzanaty, H.M. Allam & A. Fawzi
FRP strengthening of shear walls with openings 615
K. Behfarnia, A. Sayah & Sh. Eghtesadi
Using mineral based composites for shear strengthening concrete members 623
T. Blanksvärd & B. Täljsten
Behaviour of RC elements internally reinforced with BFRP at elevated temperatures 631
T. Donchev, P.L. Blanco & P.S. Shah
Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete beams with insufficient longitudinal reinforcement
lap-splice length using FRP sheets 639
M.M. Sayed & T.M. Elrakib
Strengthening of T section RC beams in shear using CFRP 649
E.E. Etman
Concrete repair and strengthening with ultra ductile micro-mesh reinforced mortar 661
C. Flohrer, M. Tschötschel & S. Hauser
Applied research and recent developments on composite material technology
for structural strengthening 667
E. Fyfe, M. Karantzikis & C. Kolyvas
Flexural behavior of CFRP-strengthened and corroded reinforced concrete beams 673
M. Hussein
Using steel fibred high strength concrete for repairing normal strength concrete beams and slabs 681
I. Iskhakov, Y. Ribakov, K. Holschemacher & T. Mueller
Improving the flexural performance of reinforced concrete one-way slabs 689

K.K. Shadhan, A.S.A. Al-Ameeri & N.H. Ali
Time-dependent behaviour of CFRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams 697
M. Kaminski, E. Kusa & D. Demski
Behaviour of damaged RC beams repaired with NSM CFRP rods 705
A. Kreit, A. Castel, R. Francois & F. Al-Mahmoud
Strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column joints using ferrocement 717
B. Li & E.S.S. Lam
Engineered Cementitious Composite as a durability protective layer for concrete 727
Y. Lin, L. Wotherspoon, J.M. Ingham, A. Scott & D. Lawley
Three-dimensional modeling of externally repaired beams using FRP sheets during short
and long term loading 735
G. Mazzucco, V.A. Salomoni & C.E. Majorana
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Strengthening/retrofitting of masonry by using thin layers of Sprayed Strain-Hardening
Cement-Based Composites (SSHCC) 741
V. Mechtcherine, A.-E. Bruedern & T. Urbonas
A comparative study for shear strengthening techniques of reinforced concrete beams using FRP 749
A.M. Morsy, N.H. El-Ashkar & K.M. Helmi
Repairing reinforced concrete rectangular columns using ferrocement laminates 757
S.M. Mourad & M.J. Shannag
Residual strength of CFRP strengthened beams after heating and cooling 765
D. Petkova & T. Donchev
Strain hardening cement-based composites for repair layers on cracked concrete surfaces 775
C. Wagner & V. Slowik
Flexural strengthening of RC-structures by textile reinforced concrete in practical application 783
S. Weiland, E. Lorenz, Ch. Hankers & D. Matzdorff
Restoring the bearing capacity of circular tunnel linings with the help of high-strength
carbon fibre mesh 789
A.A. Shilin, V. Gaponov, E.Z. Axelrod & S.S. Zalomov
UHPFRC composition optimization for application in rehabilitation of RC structures 795
M. Skazlić, K. Ille & M. Ille
Surface protection methods and materials
Quality control of hydrophobic coatings with an integrated marker element by Laser-Induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) 805
K. Bienert, H. Schalk, A. Molkenthin, G. Wilsch, S. Goldschmidt & E. Niederleithinger
Surface protection of high performance architectural concrete 813
V.R. Falikman, Yu. V. Sorokin & V.V. Deniskin
Coatings and overlays for concrete affected by alkali-silica reaction 823
E.R. Giannini, A.F. Bentivegna & K.J. Folliard
Whole life costing
Life cycle cost analysis of reinforced concrete structures cast with self-compacting concrete
and normally vibrated concrete 835
K.K. Sideris, A. Georgiadis, N. Anagnostopoulos, P. Manita & E. Skarlatos
Epoxy-coated reinforcement—life cycle cost considerations 841
M. Zintel, C. Gehlen & B. Prust
Author index 855

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Concrete Solutions – Grantham, Mechtcherine & Schneck (eds)
© 2012 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-61622-5
Preface
The Concrete Solutions series of International Conferences on Concrete Repair began in 2003, with a
conference held in St. Malo, France in association with INSA Rennes. The second conference in 2006 was
also held with INSA again, at St. Malo. In 2009, the event was held in Padova and Venice, in association
with the University of Padova, with Taylor and Francis publishing the Proceedings for the first time. Now
in 2011, the event is being held in Dresden in Germany and has brought together some 112 papers from
33 countries.
Whereas electrochemical repair tended to dominate the papers in earlier years, new developments in
structural strengthening with composites have been an increasingly important topic, with a quarter of
the papers now focusing on this area. New techniques involving Near Surface Mounted (NSM) carbon
fibre rods, strain hardening composites, and new techniques involving the well established carbon fibre
and polyimide wrapping and strengthening systems are presented. Seventeen papers concentrate on case
studies which are all-important in such conferences, to learn about what works (and what doesn’t work!)
on real structures. 13 papers are devoted to new developments in NDT. Other topics include service life
modelling, fire damage, surface protection methods and coatings, patch repair, general repair techniques
and whole life costing.
This book is essential reading for anyone engaged in the concrete repair field, from Engineers, to
academics and students and also to clients, who, as the end user, are ultimately responsible for funding
these projects and making those difficult decisions about which system or method to use.

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