Concise encyclopedia of high performance silicones

422 Pages·11.139 MB·English

by  Atul Tiwari, Mark D Soucek

Concise Encyclopedia of High Performance Silicones
Scrivener Publishing
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Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Concise Encyclopedia of High
Performance Silicones
Edited by
Atul Tiwari
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Hawaii at Manoa, USA
Mark D. Soucek
Department of Polymer Engineering,
Th e University of Akron, OH, USA
Copyright © 2014 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
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Cover design by Atul Tiwari and Russell Richardson
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-46965-1
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xv
List of Contributors xvii
Part 1: Synthesis Methodologies for Silicones 1
1 Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber Coatings: Application in High Voltage Substations 3
Kiriakos Siderakis and Dionisios Pylarinos
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Pollution of High Voltage Insulators 4
1.3 Silicone Coatings for High Voltage Ceramic Insulators 5
1.4 RTV SIR Coatings Formulation 6
1.4.1 Th e Base Polymer 6
1.4.2 Polymerization and Crosslinking Processes 7
1.4.3 Formulation Additives 8
1.5 Hydrophobicity in RTV SIR 10
1.5.1 Reorientation Mechanism 10
1.5.2 Migration of LMW Molecules 11
1.5.3 Silicone Fluid – Material Th ickness 11
1.5.4 Material Formulation 11
1.5.5 Infl uence of the Crosslinking Degree 11
1.5.6 Infl uence of the Contamination Nature 12
1.5.7 Amount of LMW 12
1.5.8 Infl uence of the Electrical Surface Activity 12
1.6 Electrical Performance of RTV SIR Coatings 13
1.6.1 Application of RTV SIR Coatings in High-Voltage Substations 13
1.7 Conclusions 13
References 13
2 Silicone Copolymers: Enzymatic Synthesis and Properties 19
Yadagiri Poojari
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Polysiloxanes 20
2.3 Silicone Aliphatic Polyesters 20
2.4 Silicone Aliphatic Polyesteramides 21
2.5 Silicone Fluorinated Aliphatic Polyesteramides 21
2.6 Silicone Aromatic Polyesters and Polyamides 21
2.7 Silicone Polycaprolactone 22
2.8 Silicone Polyethers 23
2.9 Silicone Sugar Conjugates 24
2.10 Stereo-Selective Esterifi cation of Organosiloxanes 24
2.11 Conclusion and Outlook 25
Acknowledgments 25
References 25
v
vi Contents
3 Phosphorus Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resins 27
S. Ananda Kumar, M. Alagar and M. Mandhakini
3.1 Introduction 27
3.1.1 Applications of Epoxy Resins 27
3.1.2 Need for Modifi ed Epoxy and Modifi ers 28
3.1.3 Multi-Faceted Properties of Phosphorus-Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resins 28
3.1.4 Matrix Materials for the Fabrication of Bulk and Nanocomposites 28
3.2 Preparation of Siliconized Epoxy-Bismaleimide Intercrosslinked Matrices 29
3.2.1 Dynamic Mechanical Th ermal Analysis (DMTA) 29
3.2.2 Th ermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) 29
3.2.3 Limiting Oxygen Index Test 30
3.2.4 Moisture Absorption Behavior 30
3.2.5 SEM Investigation 31
3.2.6 Research Findings and Recommendation 31
3.3 Phosphorus-Containing Siliconized Epoxy Resin as Th ermal and Flame Retardant Coatings 31
3.3.1 Preparation of Siliconized Epoxy Prepolymer 32
3.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Th ermal Stability of Phosphorus-Containing Siliconized
Epoxy Resin 32
3.3.3 Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) 33
3.3.4 Recommendation 33
3.4 High Functionality Resins for the Fabrication of Nanocomposites 33
3.4.1 Mechanical Properties 33
3.4.2 Th ermo-Mechanical Behavior 35
3.4.3 Th ermal Properties 37
3.4.4 Flame Retardancy Studies 38
3.4.5 Eff ect of Curing Agent towards Flame Retardancy 38
3.4.6 Nano Reinforcement (POSS) Eff ect towards Flame Retardancy 38
3.4.7 Highlights 38
3.5 Anticorrosive and Antifouling Coating Performance of Siloxane- and Phosphorus-Modifi ed Epoxy
Composites 39
3.5.1 Results of Potentiodynamic Polarization Study 39
3.5.2 Results of Electrochemical Impedance Study (EIS) 40
3.5.3 Salt Spray Test Results 41
3.5.4 Results from Antifouling Studies 41
3.5.5 Eff ect of Curing Agent towards Corrosion Resistance by Polarization Study 44
3.5.6 Eff ect of POSS NH towards Corrosion Resistance 44
2
3.6 Summary and Conclusion 46
Acknowledgement 48
References 49
4 Nanostructured Silicone Materials 51
Joanna Lewandowska-Łańcucka, Mariusz Kepczynski and Maria Nowakowska
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Solid Particles 52
4.2.1 Preparation Methods of Uniform Solid Nanoparticles 53
4.2.2 Preparation Methods of the Core-Shell Silicone Nanoparticles 54
4.2.3 Applications of Silicone Nanoparticles 55
4.3 Nanocapsules 56
4.3.1 Preparation Methods 56
4.3.2 Applications of Nanocapsules 59
Contents vii
4.4 Ultra-Th in Silicone Films 60
4.4.1 Preparation Methods 60
4.4.2 Modifi cations of Silicone Film Surfaces 60
4.5 Conclusion and Outlook 61
References 62
5 High Refractive Index Silicone 65
Zulkifl i Ahmad
5.1 Introduction 65
5.1.1 High Refractive Index Polymers 65
5.1.2 Chemistry of Silicones 65
5.1.3 Chemical Modifi cation of Polysiloxanes 66
5.2 Th eory of RI 66
5.2.1 Interaction of Light with Material 66
5.2.2 Factors Aff ecting Refractive Index 67
5.2.3 Lorentz-Lorenz Model 68
5.3 High Refractive Index Silicone 69
5.3.1 Estimation of Refractive Index 69
5.3.2 Eff ect of Temperature on RI 70
5.4 Applications 71
5.4.1 LED Encapsulant 71
5.4.2 Optical Waveguide 71
5.4.3 Optical Sensor 72
5.4.4 Medical – Intraocular Lens 73
5.5 Conclusion and Outlook 74
References 74
6 Irradiation Induced Chemical and Physical Eff ects in Silicones 75
R. Huszank
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Sources of Irradiation 76
6.2.1 UV, UVO 76
6.2.2 Gamma, X-ray 76
6.2.3 Low Energy Electron and Particle (Plasma, Corona Discharge) 76
6.2.4 High-Energy Electron Beam 77
6.2.5 Ion Beam 77
6.3 Irradiation-Induced Chemical Eff ects in Silicones 77
6.3.1 Linear Polysiloxanes 77
6.3.2 Crosslinked Polysiloxanes 78
6.4 Irradiation-Induced Physical Eff ects in Silicones 81
6.4.1 Viscosity, Solubility Changes 81
6.4.2 Surface Adhesion (Water Wettability) 81
6.4.3 Surface Stiff ness and Topography 82
6.4.4 Crystallinity 82
6.4.5 Refractive Index Changes 83
6.5 Conclusion and Outlook 83
References 83
7 Developments and Properties of Reinforced Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites 85
Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Bratati Pradhan
7.1 Introduction 85
viii Contents
7.2 Diff erent Types of Nanofi llers Used in Silicone Rubber (SR) 86
7.2.1 Zero-Dimensional Fillers 86
7.2.2 One-Dimensional Fillers 87
7.2.3 Two-Dimensional Fillers 87
7.2.4 Th ree-Dimensional Fillers 88
7.2.5 Th ree-Dimensional Hybrids 88
7.3 Preparation of Silicone Rubber (SR) Nanocomposites 89
7.3.1 In-Situ Polymerization 89
7.3.2 Solution Mixing 89
7.3.3 Dry Mixing 89
7.3.4 Melt Intercalation Method 89
7.3.5 Sol-Gel Methods 89
7.4 Morphology of Silicone Rubber (SR) Nanocomposites 90
7.4.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanofi ller/SR Composites 90
7.4.2 One-Dimensional Nanofi ller/SR Composites 91
7.4.3 Two-Dimensional Nanofi ller/SR Composites 91
7.4.4 Th ree-Dimensional Nanofi ller/SR Composites 94
7.5 Properties of Silicone Rubber Nanocomposites 94
7.5.1 Mechanical Properties 94
7.5.2 Th ermal Studies 99
7.5.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 102
7.5.4 Flame-Retardant Properties 104
7.5.5 Electrical Properties 104
7.5.6 Th ermal Conductivity 104
7.5.7 Gas Barrier Properties 105
7.5.8 Swelling Properties 105
7.5.9 Biological Properties 105
7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 105
References 105
8 Functionalization of Silicone Rubber Surfaces towards Biomedical Applications 111
Lígia R. Rodrigues and Fernando Dourado
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 Silicone Rubber – Material of Excellence for Biomedical Applications? 111
8.2.1 Voice Prostheses 112
8.2.2 Maxillofacial Prostheses 113
8.3 Surface Modifi cation of Silicone Rubber 113
8.3.1 Plasma Treatments 114
8.3.2 Polymer Brushes 115
8.3.3 Biosurfactants 117
8.3.4 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 118
8.4 Conclusion and Outlook 119
References 120
9 Functionalization of Colloidal Silica Nanoparticles and Th eir Use in Paint and Coatings 123
Peter Greenwood and Anders Törncrona
9.1 Introduction to Colloidal Silica 123
9.2 Chemistry of Silica Surface Functionalization by Organosilanes 124
9.3 Characterization and Product Properties of Silane-Modifi ed Silica Dispersions 125
9.3.1 Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy 125
9.3.2 Charge Density 127