Computing meaning. 4

258 Pages·2014·2.873 MB·English

by  Bunt, Harry C

Computing Meaning
TEXT,SPEECHANDLANGUAGETECHNOLOGY
VOLUME47
SeriesEditor
NancyIde,VassarCollege,NewYork,USA
EditorialBoard
EmilyM.Bender,UniversityofWashington,Washington,USA
MonaDiab,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,USA
PascaleFung,TheHongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,
Kowloon,HongKongSAR
RobertoNavigli,SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy
VirachSornlertlamvanich,NECTEC,Bangkok,Thailand
FeiXia,UniversityofWashington,Washington,USA
Forfurthervolumes:
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Harry Bunt Johan Bos Stephen Pulman
! !
Editors
Computing
Meaning
Volume 4
Editors
HarryBunt StephenPulman
TilburgCenterforCognition DepartmentofComputerScience
&Communication OxfordUniversity
TilburgUniversity Oxford,UK
Tilburg,TheNetherlands
JohanBos
CenterforLanguageandCognition(CLCG)
RijksuniversiteitGroningen
Groningen,TheNetherlands
ISSN1386-291X Text,SpeechandLanguageTechnology
ISBN978-94-007-7283-0 ISBN978-94-007-7284-7(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-7284-7
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:99056948
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Contents
ComputingMeaning:Annotation,Representation,andInference . . . . 1
HarryBunt,JohanBos,andStephenPulman
PartI SemanticRepresentationandCompositionality
Deterministic Statistical Mapping of Sentences to Underspecified
Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
HiyanAlshawi,Pi-ChuanChang,andMichaelRinggaard
AFormalApproachtoLinkingLogicalFormandVector-SpaceLexical
Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
DanGarrette,KatrinErk,andRaymondMooney
AnnotationsthatEffectivelyContributetoSemanticInterpretation . . 49
HarryBunt
ConcreteSentenceSpacesforCompositionalDistributionalModels
ofMeaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
EdwardGrefenstette,MehrnooshSadrzadeh,StephenClark,
BobCoecke,andStephenPulman
PartII InferenceandUnderstanding
RecognizingTextualEntailmentandComputationalSemantics . . . . . 89
JohanBos
Abductive Reasoningwith a Large KnowledgeBase for Discourse
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
EkaterinaOvchinnikova,NiloofarMontazeri,TheodoreAlexandrov,
JerryR.Hobbs,MichaelC.McCord,andRutuMulkar-Mehta
NaturalLogicandNaturalLanguageInference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
BillMacCartneyandChristopherD.Manning
DesigningEfficientControlledLanguagesforOntologies . . . . . . . . 149
CamiloThorne,RaffaellaBernardi,andDiegoCalvanese
v
vi Contents
PartIII SemanticResourcesandAnnotation
AContext-ChangeSemanticsforDialogueActs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
HarryBunt
VerbNetClassAssignmentasaWSDTask . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
SusanWindischBrown,DmitriyDligach,andMarthaPalmer
AnnotationofCompositionalOperationswithGLML . . . . . . . . . . 217
JamesPustejovsky,AnnaRumshisky,OlgaBatiukova,and
JessicaL.Moszkowicz
IncrementalRecognitionandPredictionofDialogueActs . . . . . . . . 235
VolhaPetukhovaandHarryBunt
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Contributors
TheodoreAlexandrov UniversityofBremen,Bremen,Germany
HiyanAlshawi Google,MountainView,CA,USA
Olga Batiukova Department of Spanish Philology, Autonomous University of
Madrid,Cantoblanco,Madrid,Spain
RaffaellaBernardi UniversityofTrento,Trento,Italy
JohanBos CenterforLanguageandCognition(CLCG),UniversityofGroningen,
Groningen,TheNetherlands
SusanWindischBrown UniversitadegliStudidiFirenze,Florence,Italy
HarryBunt TilburgCenterforCognitionandCommunication(TiCC)andDepart-
mentofPhilosophy,TilburgUniversity,Tilburg,TheNetherlands
DiegoCalvanese FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano,Bolzano,Italy
Pi-ChuanChang Google,MountainView,CA,USA
StephenClark ComputerLaboratory,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK
BobCoecke DepartmentofComputerScience,OxfordUniversity,Oxford,UK
Dmitriy Dligach Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
MA,USA
KatrinErk UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,USA
DanGarrette UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,USA
Edward Grefenstette Department of Computer Science, Oxford University, Ox-
ford,UK
JerryR.Hobbs InformationSciencesInstitute,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,
MarinadelRey,CA,USA
BillMacCartney StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA
vii
viii Contributors
ChristopherD.Manning StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA
MichaelC.McCord Ossining,NY,USA
Niloofar Montazeri Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern Cali-
fornia,MarinadelRey,CA,USA
RaymondMooney UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,USA
Jessica L. Moszkowicz Department of Computer Science, Brandeis University,
Waltham,MA,USA
Rutu Mulkar-Mehta San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California
inSanDiego,LaJolla,CA,USA
Ekaterina Ovchinnikova Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern
California,MarinadelRey,CA,USA
Martha Palmer Department of Linguistics, University of Colorado at Boulder,
Boulder,CO,USA
VolhaPetukhova DepartmentofSpokenLanguageSystems,SaarlandUniversity,
Saarbrücken,Germany
Stephen Pulman Department of Computer Science, Oxford University, Oxford,
UK
JamesPustejovsky DepartmentofComputerScience,BrandeisUniversity,Waltham,
MA,USA
MichaelRinggaard Google,Aarhus,Denmark
AnnaRumshisky DepartmentofComputerScience,UniversityofMassachusetts,
Lowell,MA,USA;ComputerScienceandArtificialIntelligenceLaboratory,Mas-
sachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,USA
MehrnooshSadrzadeh SchoolofElectronicEngineeringandComputerScience,
QueenMaryUniversityofLondon,London,UK
CamiloThorne FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano,Bolzano,Italy
Computing Meaning: Annotation,
Representation, and Inference
HarryBunt,JohanBos,andStephenPulman
Abstract Thischapterintroducesthesubsequentchaptersinthebookandhowthey
arerelated,againstthebackgroundofadiscussionofthenatureandthecomplex-
ity of processes that compute the meanings of natural language expressions. The
discussion focuses on three aspects of the computation of meanings that play an
important part in later chapters: (1) the nature of meaning representations; (2) the
integration of inferencing with compositional interpretation; and (3) the construc-
tionofsemanticallyannotatedcorporaandtheiruseinmachinelearningofmeaning
computation.
1 Introduction
Whilecomputersareverygoodatcomputingingeneral,theyarenotverygoodat
computingmeaning.Thereareatleastthreereasonswhythismaybeso:(R1)the
very notion of meaning, as expressed in natural language, is something extremely
complex,andthereforedifficulttocompute;(R2)theprocessofcomputingmean-
ings is extremelycomplex,because it requires the effective use of a variety of ex-
tremely rich information sources (linguistic knowledge, general knowledge of the
world,specificknowledgeofthedomainofdiscourse,knowledgeofinteractiveset-
tings, ...); and (R3) the very notion of meaning is not well enough understood to
H.Bunt(B)
TilburgCenterforCognitionandCommunication(TiCC)andDepartmentofPhilosophy,Tilburg
University,P.O.Box90153,5000LETilburg,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
J.Bos
CenterforLanguageandCognition(CLCG),UniversityofGroningen,Groningen,
TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
S.Pulman
DepartmentofComputerScience,OxfordUniversity,Oxford,UK
e-mail:[email protected]
H.Buntetal.(eds.),ComputingMeaning,Text,SpeechandLanguageTechnology47, 1
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-7284-7_1,
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2014