Computational Ship Design

381 Pages·2018·13.737 MB·English

by  Myung-Il Roh, Kyu-Yeul Lee

Myung-Il Roh
Kyu-Yeul Lee
Computational
Ship Design
Computational Ship Design
Myung-Il Roh (cid:129) Kyu-Yeul Lee
Computational Ship Design
Myung-IlRoh Kyu-YeulLee
NavalArchitectureandOcean NavalArchitectureandOcean
Engineering Engineering
SeoulNationalUniversity SeoulNationalUniversity
Seoul,Korea(Republicof) Seoul,Korea(Republicof)
ISBN978-981-10-4884-5 ISBN978-981-10-4885-2 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-981-10-4885-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017945806
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018
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Preface
Shipdesignhaslongbeendonemanuallybecauseofthespecialfeaturesofaship,
such as its purposes, external forces, and production methods. With the develop-
mentofcomputertechnology,shipdesignhasseenrapidgrowthinbothacademic
and industrial research. Many obstacles can be overcome by adopting systematic
methodsandapplyingautomationconceptstosuchafield.
Asonesuchapproach,thisbookofferssystematicmethodsandrelatedtheories
for ship design and applications based on computational methods. It reflects the
authors’ own experiences in ship design and R&D activities and incorporates
improvements based on feedback received from many experts on shipyards. The
comprehensive description of each design step presented in this book offers sys-
tematic methodologies and guidelines in ship design for academics, researchers,
students, and industrial manufacturers from diverse fields, including ocean engi-
neering andmechanical engineering.Inaddition,itwillbeofgreatvaluetothose
involved in designing a new ship or improving an existing ship. This book offers
detailed descriptions of problems, related theories, mathematical formulation,
selectionofalgorithms,andothercoredesigninformation.Detailsofapplications
havebeenprovidedbasedonactualexamplesinthefield.
With17chaptersandappendices,thisbookcoversallstepsofshipdesign,from
a detailed description of design theories to the cutting-edge applications based on
computationalmethods.Itprovidesbothsystematicmethodologiesandguidelines
related to ship design for the present and future leaders in both academic and
industrialsectors.
Chapter 1 gives an introduction to ship design. Basic requirements and func-
tions,terminologies,anddesignstagesofashipareexplained.Chapter2dealswith
theanalysisofashipowner’srequirementsthatarethestartingpointofshipdesign.
Chapter 3 explains various design constraints of the ship, including the physical,
economic,andregulatory.Chapter4givesmethodsforestimatinglightshipweight
(simply,lightweight).Chapter5dealswithhowtopredicttheresistanceandpower
of the ship. Chapter 6 deals with the selection of the main engine based on the
predicted resistance and power. Chapter 7 explains how to calculate the principal
v
vi Preface
dimensionsofthepropeller.Chapter8givesamethodforestimatingthecapacityof
the cargo hold. Chapter 9 introduces the ICLL (International Convention on
Load Lines) to calculate the minimum required freeboard. Chapter 10 explains
how to decide on the principal dimensions of the ship according to its type.
Chapter 11 deals with hull form design, including generation, variation, fairing,
and performance evaluation of the hull form. Chapter 12 deals with general
arrangement design, including that of the various compartments in the hull, and
stability evaluation of the ship. Chapter 13 introduces hull structural design con-
siderations for design loads and various strengths based on the CSR (Common
StructuralRules).Chapter14dealswithoutfittingofthehull,machinery,accom-
modations, and electrical system. Chapter 15 introduces a methodology for the
economicevaluationofthe ship, including shipbuildingandoperating costs,RFR
(RequiredFreightRate),andOPF(OperationalProfitFactor).Chapter16givesan
example of how to calculate the principal dimensions of a VLCC (Very Large
CrudeoilCarrier).Chapter17presentsexamplesofshipdesignmodels,including
hullform,compartments,andhullstructure.
This book also includes appendices to help readers understand optimization
methodsandgivesexamplesofoptimalshipdesign.
Mostofthebook isbased ontheauthors’lecture notes,which were developed
over the past two decades, for the undergraduate course on ship design in the
Department ofNaval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at SeoulNational Uni-
versity in Korea. The lecture notes can be also found on the website of
OpenCourseWare at this university (http://ocw.snu.ac.kr). For understanding the
contentspresentedinthisbook,thereadersareassumedtohavebasicknowledgeof
courses in fluid mechanics, mechanics of materials, ship stability (or naval archi-
tectural calculation), and numerical methods, which are commonly taught as
prerequisite courses in most departments related to the field of naval architecture
andoceanengineeringatuniversities.
Finally,theauthorswouldliketothankSpringerforthecooperationinpublish-
ingthisbook.
Seoul,Korea Myung-IlRoh
Seoul,Korea Kyu-YeulLee
February2017
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 BasicRequirementsandFunctionsofaShip. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 ShipTerminologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.1 PrincipalDimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3.2 ShipComponents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.3 WeightandVolume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4 SpeedandPower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 DesignStages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 AnalysisofShipOwner’sRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 ShipOwner’sRequirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 SurveyofParentShips. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 ReviewofRulesandRegulations. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. 16
2.4.1 IMO(InternationalMaritimeOrganization). . . . . . . . 16
2.4.2 ClassificationSocieties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.3 Administrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 DesignConstraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 PhysicalConstraint. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3 EconomicalConstraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.1 VolumeEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3.2 ServiceSpeedandDFOC
(DailyFuelOilConsumption). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 RegulatoryConstraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.1 RequiredFreeboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.2 RequiredStability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
vii
viii Contents
3.5 ComputationalGuide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.1 WeightEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.5.2 VolumeEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5.3 RequiredFreeboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5.4 RequiredStability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 EstimationofLightweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.2 Method1:UsingtheLightweightofParentShip. . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Method2:UsingtheRatioofDeadweighttoTotalWeight. .. .. 28
4.4 Method3:UsingtheLength,Breadth,andDepth. . . . . . . . . . 28
4.5 Method4:DividingintoStructural,Outfit,andMachinery
Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.5.1 StructuralWeight(W). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
s
4.5.2 OutfitWeight(W ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
o
4.5.3 MachineryWeight(W ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
m
4.5.4 Lightweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.6 ComputationalGuide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.6.1 Method1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.6.2 Method2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6.3 Method3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6.4 Method4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5 PredictionofResistanceandPower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2 ShipResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3 MethodsforPredictionofResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.4 PredictionofResistancebyHoltropandMennen’sMethod. . . . 40
5.4.1 FrictionalResistance(R ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
F
5.4.2 AppendageResistance(R ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
APP
5.4.3 WaveResistance(R ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
W
5.4.4 AdditionalPressureResistanceofBulbous
Bow(R ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
B
5.4.5 AdditionalPressureResistanceofImmersed
Transom(R ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
TR
5.4.6 Model-ShipCorrelationResistance(R ). . . . . . . . . . 45
A
5.4.7 TotalResistance(R ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
T
5.5 PredictionofPropulsionFactors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5.5.1 PropulsiveEfficiency(η ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
D
5.5.2 PropellerEfficiencyinOpenWater(η ). . . . . . . . . . 47
O
5.5.3 HullEfficiency(η ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
H
5.5.4 RelativeRotativeEfficiency(η ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
R
5.5.5 WakeFractionCoefficient(w). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.5.6 ThrustDeductionCoefficient(t). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Contents ix
5.6 PowerPrediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.6.1 EffectiveHorsePower(EHP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.6.2 ThrustHorsePower(THP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.6.3 DeliveredHorsePower(DHP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.6.4 ShaftHorsePower(SHP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.6.5 BrakeHorsePower(BHP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.6.6 NormalContinuousRating(NCR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.6.7 MaximumContinuousRating(MCR). . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.7 ComputationalGuide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.7.1 MethodforPredictionofResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.7.2 MethodforPredictionofPropulsionFactors. . . . . . . 55
5.7.3 MethodforPredictionofPower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
6 SelectionofMainEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.2 CharacteristicsofDieselEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
6.3 PowerandSpeedofEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.4 LayoutDiagramofEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.5 SelectionofMainEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
6.6 EstimationofDFOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6.7 EstimationofCapacityofFuelOil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.8 ComputationalGuide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.8.1 SelectionofMainEngine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.8.2 EstimationofDFOC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.8.3 EstimationofCapacityofFuelOil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7 DeterminationofPrincipalDimensionsofPropeller. . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.2 PrincipalDimensionsofPropeller. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.2.1 PropellerDiameter(D ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
P
7.2.2 PropellerPitch(P). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
i
7.2.3 ExpandedAreaRatio(A /A ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
E O
7.2.4 NumberofBlades(z). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.2.5 PropellerSpeed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.3 Non-dimensionalCoefficientsinPropellerDesign. . . . . . . . . 73
7.3.1 AdvanceRatio(J). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.3.2 ThrustCoefficient(K ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
T
7.3.3 TorqueCoefficient(K ). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Q
7.3.4 PropellerEfficiencyinOpenWater(η ). . . . . . . . . . 75
O
7.4 DeterminationofPrincipalDimensionsofPropeller. . . . . . . . 76
7.4.1 Stage1:AssumptionofPropellerDiameter. . . . . . . . 77
7.4.2 Stage2:DeterminationofEnginePowerandSpeed,
andPropellerPitchforMaximizationofη . . . . . . . . 79
O
x Contents
7.4.3 Stage3:DeterminationofOptimalPrincipal
DimensionsofPropellerandMaximum
ShipSpeed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
7.4.4 Stage4:DeterminationofEnginePowerandSpeed
UsingtheDeterminedPropellerDimensions......... 91
7.4.5 Stage5:GenerationofSpeed-PowerCurve. . . . . . . . 93
7.5 RelationBetweenPropellerSpeed,Diameter,
andEfficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.6 ComputationalGuide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.6.1 Stage1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
7.6.2 Stage2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7.6.3 Stage3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7.6.4 Stage4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
7.6.5 Stage5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8 EstimationofCapacityofCargoHold. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.2 Method1:UsingtheLength,Breadth,andDepth. . . . . . . . . . 101
8.3 Method2:UsingtheLengthofCargoHold,Breadth,
andDepth. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 102
8.4 ComputationalGuide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.4.1 Method1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.4.2 Method2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
9 CalculationofFreeboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.1 Generals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.2 Freeboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
9.3 FreeboardDeckandLength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.3.1 FreeboardDeck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
9.3.2 FreeboardLength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
9.4 CalculationoftheRequiredFreeboardbyICLL
(InternationalConventiononLoadLines). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
9.4.1 ClassificationofShipTypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.4.2 CalculationofTabularFreeboard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
9.4.3 AdditionforBlockCoefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
9.4.4 CorrectionforDepth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
9.4.5 CorrectionforPositionofDeckLine. . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
9.4.6 DeductionforSuperstructuresandTrunks. . . . . . . . . 119
9.4.7 CorrectionforSheer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
9.4.8 AdditionforMinimumBowHeight. . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
9.4.9 AdditionforReserveBuoyancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
9.4.10 CalculationofMinimumFreeboards. . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.5 CheckfortheFreeboardRequirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
9.6 LoadLineMark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131