Table Of ContentComprehensive Logistics
·
Timm Gudehus Herbert Kotzab
Comprehensive Logistics
123
Dr.rer.nat.Dr.Ing.habil.TimmGudehus Prof.Dr.HerbertKotzab
Strandweg54 BusinessSchoolCopenhagen
22587Hamburg Dept.OperationsManagement
Germany SolbjergPlads3
www.TimmGudehus.de 2000Frederiksberg
Denmark
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-540-30722-8 e-ISBN978-3-540-68652-1
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-68652-1
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008940418
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
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Preface
This book presents the scope, variety and importance of modern logistics. It deals
with all relevant aspects: space and time; systems, structures and processes;
networksandsupplychains;economicsandtechnology;micrologisticsandmacro-
logistics; intralogistics and extralogistics; planning, scheduling and control; man-
agement, organization and operation. The tasks and goals of modern logistics and
the options for actions are thoroughly investigated and explained. Current logistic
trends and fashions are critically discussed. Strategies and methods for planning,
scheduling and operating logistic networks and systems are developed. The book
containsrules,algorithmsandformulasforsolvingactualproblems.Theirapplica-
tionisdemonstratedbyexamplesfrombusinesspractice.
The work is based on the well-known German reference-book “Logistik” by
TimmGudehus,whichwaspublishedinseveraleditions(Gudehus1999/2000/2003/
2005/2007/2010).AftertranslationbyHerbertKotzab,thecontentwasthoroughly
revisedfortheinternationaleditionbybothauthors.Wehavereformulatedandsup-
plementedthewholetextandupdatedfiguresandtables.
The most difficult task when writing the international edition turned out to be
finding the right terminology for the multitude of logistic subjects. As logistics is
arelativelyyoungdiscipline,inEnglishandAmerican,evenmorethaninGerman,
thereareseveralexpressionswithsimilarmeanings,forexample,inventory,stock,
store, storage and warehouse. To avoid misunderstandings, we selected the most
common expressions, defined the terms as precisely as necessary and used them
consistently.Thetermscanbefoundviatheindex,whichmakesthisbookaswella
dictionaryofmodernlogistics.
Throughouttheyears,manyclientsandcolleagues,scientists,students,readers,
consultants, managers and other people have contributed to this book. We thank
themallforlistening,fruitfuldiscussions,criticalremarksandconstructivepropos-
als.OursinceregratitudegoestoHiteshK.GadhiainCopenhagenforproofreading
andmanyhelpfulcomments.WeexpressourthankstotheKu¨hneSchoolofLogistics
and Management in Hamburg for transferring figures and tables into English, and
toMiebachConsultinginFrankfurtforrevisingcostfiguresandtechnicaldata.
v
vi Preface
Mostofall,wewouldliketothankourwives.Withouttheirpatienceandunder-
standingthisbookwouldnotexist.
June,2009 TimmGudehus
Hamburg HerbertKotzab
Copenhagen
Contents
PartI Principles,StrategiesandOrganization
1 TasksandAspectsofModernLogistics ........................... 3
1.1 SystemsandNetworks .................................... 5
1.2 TasksandObjectivesofLogistics ........................... 6
1.3 StructuresandProcesses................................... 7
1.4 ElementaryandCompoundedPerformanceStations............ 10
1.5 StructuresofLogisticNetworks............................. 15
1.6 FunctionsofLogisticCenters .............................. 19
1.7 ProcessChainsandLogisticChains ......................... 22
1.8 EffectsofLogisticCenters................................. 24
1.9 NetworkManagement..................................... 29
1.10 TaskofLogisticians ...................................... 32
2 Organization,SchedulingandControl............................ 39
2.1 Orders.................................................. 40
2.2 OrderManagementandLogisticScheduling .................. 41
2.3 ProcessOrganizationandStructureOrganization .............. 43
2.4 OrganizationPrinciples.................................... 45
2.5 SoftwareLevelsandComputerConfiguration ................. 47
2.6 DataFlowandInformationFlow............................ 48
2.7 PotentialsofInformationTechnologyforLogistics............. 50
2.8 RisksofInformationTechnologyinLogistics ................. 51
2.9 OrganizationofCompanyLogistics ......................... 53
2.10 OrganizationofScheduling ................................ 55
3 ProjectPlanningandRealization ................................ 59
3.1 PossibilitiesofAction..................................... 59
3.2 PlanningPhases.......................................... 62
3.3 RealizationSteps......................................... 64
3.4 LogisticObjectives ....................................... 65
3.5 FrameConditions ........................................ 69
vii
viii Contents
3.6 PerformanceRequirements ................................ 71
3.7 DeterminationofPlanningData ............................ 73
3.8 PresentationofSystemsandProcesses....................... 75
3.9 SelectionoftheBestSolution .............................. 78
3.10 PlanningandOptimizationTools............................ 83
3.11 TechniqueandLogistics ................................... 85
4 PotentialAnalysis .............................................. 89
4.1 RequirementAnalysis..................................... 90
4.2 PerformanceAnalysis..................................... 91
4.3 ProcessAnalysis ......................................... 93
4.4 StructureAnalysis........................................ 96
4.5 Benchmarking ........................................... 97
5 StrategiesofLogistics...........................................101
5.1 TargetFunctionsandTargetFigures .........................102
5.2 Clustering,Sequencing,Securing ...........................105
5.3 SystemStrategies.........................................110
5.4 MethodsofSolutionandOptimization.......................111
5.5 SolutionandOptimizationProcedure ........................113
5.6 SegmentationandClassification ............................116
5.7 SpecializationandUniversality .............................118
5.8 ABC-Analysis ...........................................119
5.9 LogisticArticleClassifications .............................123
6 LogisticCostsandControlling...................................129
6.1 CostAccountingandPerformanceCosting ...................130
6.2 LogisticCostCalculation ..................................132
6.3 ComponentsofLogisticCosts..............................133
6.4 DepreciationandInterest ..................................137
6.5 PerformanceUnitsandPerformanceFlows ...................141
6.6 CostCentersandCostDrivers ..............................144
6.7 PerformanceCostRates ...................................146
6.8 FixedCostsDilemmaandUtilizationRisk....................149
6.9 OptionsforReducingLogisticCosts.........................151
7 LogisticPricingandMarketing ..................................157
7.1 PricingPrinciples ........................................158
7.2 PerformanceCostsandPrices ..............................159
7.3 ObjectivesofRemunerationSchemes........................162
7.4 StandardRemunerationScheme ............................162
7.5 ProjectSpecificRemunerationSchemes......................165
7.6 LogisticTariffsandDiscounts ..............................169
7.7 MarketingandPricingStrategies............................170
7.8 EconomicsandLogistics ..................................181
Contents ix
8 TimeManagement .............................................185
8.1 TimePointsandTimeSpans ...............................185
8.2 OperatingTimeandWorkingTime..........................189
8.3 Adaptation,SynchronizationandFlexibility ..................191
8.4 OrderLeadTimeofSingleStations .........................193
8.5 LeadTimesofPerformanceChains..........................195
8.6 MaterialLeadTime.......................................198
8.7 TimeSchedulingofSingleStations..........................199
8.8 TimeSchedulingofPerformanceChains .....................201
8.9 Just-in-Time.............................................207
8.10 StrategiesforLeadTimeReduction .........................208
8.11 EconomicOrderLeadTime................................209
9 RandomProcessesandDynamicForecasting......................213
9.1 RandomProcessesandStochasticFlows .....................214
9.2 ProbabilityDensitiesandTimeDistributions..................217
9.3 FrequencyDistributionsofDiscreteValues ...................221
9.4 MeanValuesandVariancesinLogistics......................223
9.5 MathematicalForecasting..................................229
9.6 DemandPlanningandForecasting ..........................234
9.7 TestFunctionsandScenarioCalculations.....................238
9.8 DynamicForecasting .....................................242
9.9 DemandForecastinginLogisticNetworks....................244
10 OrderSchedulingandOperatingStrategies .......................247
10.1 PerformanceandProductionStructures ......................248
10.2 ProcessingStrategies......................................253
10.3 AllocationStrategies......................................256
10.4 SequencingStrategies.....................................257
10.5 OrderProductionandStockProduction ......................259
10.6 DynamicScheduling......................................269
11 InventoryManagement .........................................271
11.1 FunctionsofStocks.......................................272
11.2 CriteriaforStorekeeping ..................................276
11.3 SchedulingofStorageChainsandNetworks ..................279
11.4 SchedulingParameters ....................................282
11.5 StorekeepingParameters...................................284
11.6 CostRatesforReplenishmentandStoring....................287
11.7 StorekeepingCosts .......................................290
11.8 StockAvailabilityandSafetyStock .........................295
11.9 DemandDependencyofStockandStorekeepingCosts .........306
11.10 CentralizationofStocks ...................................308
11.11 ReplenishmentStrategies ..................................311
11.12 Cost-OpportunityofStorekeeping...........................317
x Contents
11.13 DynamicInventoryScheduling .............................321
11.14 InventoryOptimization....................................325
12 LogisticUnitsandMasterData ..................................329
12.1 FunctionsofLoadUnits ...................................330
12.2 FillingUnitsandFillingOrders.............................332
12.3 LoadUnitsandLoadCarriers ..............................335
12.4 PackingStrategies ........................................342
12.5 FillingStrategiesandLoadUnitDemand.....................351
12.6 LogisticMasterData......................................357
12.7 ElectronicKanban........................................362
13 LimitPerformancesandQueuingEffects .........................365
13.1 ThroughputandPerformanceRates .........................365
13.2 LimitPerformancesofElementaryStations...................366
13.3 OperatingStrategies ......................................383
13.4 LimitPerformanceLaws ..................................388
13.5 WaitingQueuesandQueuingLaws..........................395
13.6 ReliabilityandAvailability.................................408
13.7 CapabilityAnalysis.......................................419
13.8 AcceptanceofPlantsandSystems...........................423
14 Purchasing,SalesandLogistics ..................................427
14.1 CoreCompetenciesofSalesandMarketing...................428
14.2 CoreCompetenciesofPurchasing...........................429
14.3 OrderSchedulingandSupplyManagement...................429
14.4 Products,MerchandizeandServices.........................430
14.5 DeliveryServiceandLogisticQuality .......................432
14.6 SalesChannelsandDistributionStructure ....................432
14.7 PriceCalculationandLogisticCosts.........................433
14.8 InternalLogisticServices..................................433
PartII Systems,NetworksandOperations
15 LogisticNetworksandSystems ..................................439
15.1 DynamicNetworks .......................................440
15.2 HierarchyofLogisticSystems..............................441
15.3 SystemPlanningandSystemOptimization ...................443
16 StorageSystems................................................449
16.1 StorageRequirements.....................................450
16.2 StoreplacesandStorageTypes..............................456
16.3 StorageTechnique........................................468
16.4 StorageStrategies ........................................480
