Communications Engineering Desk Reference

557 Pages·25.849 MB·English

by  Beming P., Bensky A. and others.

Communications Engineering Desk Reference
Note from the Publisher
This book has been compiled using extracts from the have entailed the re-numbering of Sections and Figures. In
following books within the range of Communications viewofthebreadthofcontentandstyleofthesourcebooks,
Engineering books inthe Elsevier collection: there is some overlap and repetition of material between
chapters and significant differences in style, but these
Dowla (2004) Handbook of RF and Wireless Technology,
features have been left in order to retain the flavour and
9780750676953
readability ofthe individual chapters.
Da Silva (2001) High Frequency and Microwave Engineer-
ing, 9780750650465 End ofchapterquestions
Fette (2006) Cognitive Radio Technology, 9780750679527 Within the book, several chapters end with a set of
Kitchen (2001) RF and Microwave Radiation Safety, questions;pleasenotethatthese questionsarefor reference
9780750643559 only. Solutions are not always provided for these
Ellis, Pursell and Rahman (2003) Voice, Video and Data questions.
Network Convergence, 9780122365423
Unitsofmeasure
Van der Schaar and Chou (2007) Multimedia over IP and
Wireless Networks,9780120884803 UnitsareprovidedineitherSIorIPunits.Aconversiontable
Zhao and Guibas (2004) Wireless Sensor Networks: An for theseunits isprovidedat the frontof the book.
Information ProcessingApproach, 9781558609143 Upgrade toan Electronic Version
Dahlman et al. (2007) 3G Evolution, 9780123725332 An electronic version of the Desk reference, the Communi-
Correia (2006) Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks: cationsEngineering e-Mega Reference,9780123746498
Techniques,Models andTools for 4G, 9780123694225
Dobkin (2005) RF Engineering for Wireless Networks,
(cid:2) Afullysearchable Mega ReferenceeBook, providing all
9780750678735
theessentialmaterialneededbyCommunications
Bensky (2004) Short Range Wireless Communication,
Engineersonaday-to-daybasis.
9780750677820
DeCusatis (2002) Handbook of Fiber Optic Data Commu- (cid:2) Fundamentals,keytechniques,engineeringbestpractice
andrules-of-thumbatonequickclickofabutton
nication, 9780122078910
Jack (2007) Video Demystified, 9780750683951 (cid:2) Over 1,500 pages of reference material, including over
Bovik (2005) Handbook of Image and Video Processing, 1,000pagesnotincludedintheprintedition
9780121197926
Theextractshavebeentakendirectlyfromtheabovesource Go to http://www.elsevierdirect.com/9780123746481
books, with some small editorial changes. These changes and click onEbook Available
Communications
Engineering
Desk Reference
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Contents
AuthorBiographies ...................................................................vii
Section1 INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1
1.0 Introduction.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .3
Section2 RFENGINEERING .............................................................. 13
2.1 Basic features ofradio communicationsystems. ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ....15
2.2 Transmission lines... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ....41
2.3 Softwaredefined radio ... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ....69
2.4a The software defined radio as a platform for cognitive radio. .... .... ..... .... .... ....91
2.4b Cognitive radio:The technologiesrequired . .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...115
2.5 Introduction to RF and microwave radiation.... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...139
Section3 NETWORKCOMMUNICATIONS................................................... 151
3.1 Data and voice traffic. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...153
3.2 Networkinfrastructure.... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...165
3.3 VoIP technology. .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...189
3.4 Channelprotection fundamentals .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...201
3.5 Networkadaptivemedia transport ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...223
3.6 Real-time communicationovernetworks .. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...233
3.7 Wireless sensornetworks . ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...247
Section4 MOBILECOMMUNICATIONS..................................................... 257
4.1 Background of3G evolution .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...259
4.2 The motives behindthe 3G evolution . .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...267
4.3 High data rates in mobile communications. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...273
4.4 OFDM transmission.. .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...281
4.5 Scheduling, link adaptation and hybridARQ.... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...295
4.6 WCDMAevolution: HSPAand MBMS. .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...305
4.7 Propagation modelling and channel characterisation.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...313
Section5 SHORTRANGEWIRELESSCOMMUNICATION........................................ 381
5.1 Wireless local area networks.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...383
5.2 Short-range wireless applications and technologies... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...413
Section6 OPTICALDATACOMMUNICATION................................................. 441
6.1 Optical fiber, cable and connectors... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... ...443
v
CONTENTS
Section7 VIDEOANDIMAGEPROCESSING ................................................. 461
7.1 Introduction to video... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .463
7.2 Colour spaces ... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .469
7.3 Video signals overview . .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .483
7.4 Video compression .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .501
Section8 APPENDIX................................................................... 523
List ofacronyms . ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... ..... .525
Index ........................................................................... 529
vi
Author Biographies
Per Beming joined Ericsson in 1994 and he has worked Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Tech-
with radio access concept development and standardi- nology Best StudentPaper Award in 2002.
zation, primarily with architecture questions. The most
Dr. Philip A. Chou is a Principal Researcher with
prevalent examples are GPRS, WCDMA, HSPA, and
Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington, and man-
LTE-SAE. He has been a key member of 3GPP TSG
ages the Communication and Collaboration Systems
RAN since 1999. Currently Per is responsible for stan-
research group. He has lectured at the Universities of
dardizationatDevelopingUnitRadiowithintheBusiness
Stanford, Washington, and the Chinese University of
Unit Networks, and is also manages a group of systems
Hong Kong. He currently serves as coordinator of the
managers working with concept development and
awards subcommittee of the IEEE SP Society Multi-
standardization.
media Signal Processing technical committee (MMSP
AlanBenskyisanelectronicsengineeringconsultantwith TC). He also serves on the editorial board of the IEEE
over 30 years of experience in analog and digital design, Signal Processing Magazine. He is a Fellow of the IEEE
management, and marketing. Specializing in wireless andistherecipientof,amongstotherawards,theSignal
circuits and systems, he has carried out projects for Processing Society Paper Award and the IEEE Trans-
a variety of military and consumer applications and led actions on Multimedia Best PaperAward.
the development of three patents on wireless distance
Luis M. Correia is Professor in Telecommunications at
measurement. He has authored two books on wireless
Technical University of Lisbon. He has acted as a con-
communication and has written several articles in
sultant for Portuguese GSM operatorsand thetelecom-
international and local publications. Bensky has taught
municationsregulator.Hehasauthoredmanypapersand
electrical engineering courses, gives lectures on radio
communications in international journals and confer-
engineering topics and isa seniormemberof IEEE.
ences,forwhichhehasservedalsoasareviewer,editor,
and board member. He has served as evaluator and
Dr.AlanBovikisaProfessorattheUniversityofAustin
auditor in ACTS, ESPRITand IST frameworks, besides
inTexasintheDepartmentsofElectricalandComputer
severalnationalagenciesworldwide,andwaspartofthe
Engineering, Computer Sciences and Biomedical Engi-
COST Domain Committee on ICT. He was the Chair-
neering. He is the inventor or co-inventor of, amongst
man of the Technical Program Committee of
otherwell-knowninventions, OrderStatisticFiltersand
PIMRC’2002. He is part of the Expert Advisory Group
theImageModulationModel.Hehaspublishedover450
and of the Steering Board of the European eMobility
technical articles and holds two U.S. patents. Dr Bovik
platform.
has received many awards, including the Technical
Achievement Award and the Distinguished Lecturer Dr.ErikDahlmanhasbeenwithEricssonResearchsince
Award of the IEEE Signal Processing Society. He is 1993 and where he currently holds a position of Senior
aFellowoftheIEEEandaFellowoftheOpticalSociety ExpertintheareaofRadioAccessTechnologies.Hehas
of America and has been involved in numerous pro- been heavily involved in the development and standard-
fessional society activities. He is also a registered Pro- ization of 3G radio-access technologies, including
fessionalEngineerintheStateofTexasandisafrequent WCDMA, HSPA, and LTE, both within local standard-
consultant tolegal,industrial and academic institutions. ization bodies such as ETSI and ARIB, as well as within
theglobal 3GPPorganization.
Bruno Clerckx is currently Senior Engineer at Samsung
ElectronicsinKorea.Hehasbeenworkingon3GPPLTE Dr. Ed da Silva is a former Tenured Academic for the
RAN 1 and is currently involved in IEEE 802.16m. He Open University Telematics Department and Professor
previously held a visiting research position at the Smart and Head of the Electrical Department at Etisalat Col-
Antennas Research Group (Information Systems Labo- lege. He spent over fifteen years in the industry in the
ratory), Stanford University (CA, USA). He is the USA, UK, Japan and Hong Kong, before spending over
author of more than 30 research papers as well as mul- fifteen years in academia in the UK, United Arab
tiple standard contributions. He also holds several Emirates and Nigeria. He also designed equipment for
Korean and international patents. He received the IEEE NASA’s Apollo Moon Landings.
vii
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Casimer DeCusatis is an IBM Distinguished Engi- theroleofTechnicalChair,andisapanelistfortheIEEE
neer and Technical Executive based in Poughkeepsie, Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing
N.Y.HeisanIBMMasterInventorwithover70patents, Industrial Technology Track. Dr. Fette currently heads
and recipient of several industry awards, including the the General Dynamics Signal Processing Center of Ex-
IEEE Kiyo Tomiyasu Award and the EDN Innovator of cellence in theCommunicationNetworks Division.
the Year. He is co-author of more than 100 technical
Professor Leonidas Guibas is Professor of Computer
papers, book chapters, and encyclopedia articles, and is
Science (and by courtesy, Electrical Engineering) at
alsoco-leaderoftheIBMAcademyofTechnologystudy
Stanford, having previously worked for Xerox PARC,
‘‘Innovation Ecosystems’’. He is a Fellow of the IEEE,
Stanford,MIT,andDEC/SRC.AtStanfordheheadsthe
Optical SocietyofAmerica,andSPIE(theinternational
Geometric Computation group within the Graphics
optical engineering society), and various other pro-
Laboratoryandhasdevelopednewcoursesinalgorithms
fessional organizations and honorsocieties.
and data structures, geometric modeling, geometric al-
Dr. Daniel Dobkin has been involved in the de- gorithms, sensor networks, and biocomputation. He is
velopment, manufacturing, and marketing of communi- alsopartoftheAILaboratorytheBio-XProgram,andthe
cations devices, components, and systems for thirty Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engi-
years. He is the author of three books and about 30 neering.ProfessorGuibasisanACMFellowandwinner
technical publications, and holds 7 US patents as in- of the ACM/IEEEAllenNewellaward.
ventororco-inventor.Hehastwentyyearsofexperience
Keith Jack is Director of Product Marketing at Sigma
insemiconductorprocessdevelopment,andtenyearsin
Designs,aleadingsupplierofhigh-performanceSystem-
radio engineering and RFID. He has taught classes on
on-Chip (SoC) solutions for the IPTV, Blu-ray, and
chemicalvapordeposition,antennaprinciples,andradio-
HDTV markets. Previously, he was Director of Product
frequency identification in theUSand Asia.
Marketing at Innovision, focused on solutions for digital
Professor Farid Dowla is a senior research engineer at televisions. Mr. Jack has also served as Strategic Mar-
the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) keting Manager at Harris Semiconductor and Brooktree
and has been at LLNL since 1984. His present research Corporation. He has architected and introduced to
interests include high-frequency radio-wave communi- market over 35 multimedia SoCs for the consumer
cations, and micro-wave and millimeter-wave radar im- markets.
agingtechniques.Healsoworkedmanyyearsintheareas
of seismic, acoustics, and biomedical signal processing. Ronald Kitchen was with the Royal Air Force for four-
He has taught graduate and undergraduate electrical teenyearsfromtheageofsixteen.HejoinedtheMarconi
engineering courses in signal processing and communi- Company in 1955 and was appointed Marconi Research
cations at U.C. Berkeley and U. C. Davis. Quality Manager and Radiation Protection Officer in
1971, carrying out just under 1000 radiation in-
Juanita Ellis has been at the forefront in working with
vestigations. He retired in 1990 and set up his own
corporations in the areas of Convergence, Computer
consultancy.Asavisitingconsultant,hecreatedacourse
Security and E-business. Some of these companies
at Marconi College, training 142 Military officers and
include Sony, JcPenney, SWBell, Boeing, Xerox, Bell
SeniorNCOs.HewasawardedtheBritishEmpireMedal
Atlantic,MCI,CitibankandToyota.Currently,shehelps
forservices toGEC Marconi.
companies deploy Voice and Data networks, Converged
Solutions, VPN Security and Call Center applications. Dr. Wing-Kuen Ling has lectured at King’s College
She has also been a keynote speaker for Women in London since 2004. He is the author of the textbook
Technology and companies such as Cisco and SWBell. Nonlinear Digital Filters: Analysis and Applications and
She has lectured for the University of Maryland an editor of the research monograph Control Chaos for
European Division, Southern Methodist University, Na- CircuitsandSystems:APracticalApproach.Hisresearch
tional Technology University and UCLA’s Anderson interestsincludesymbolicdynamics,optimizationtheory
SchoolofBusinessandEngineeringExtensionPrograms. andapplications,filterbanksandwavelets,andfuzzyand
impulsive control theory and applications.
Dr. Bruce Fette is Chief Scientist in the Communica-
tions Networking Division business area of General David P. Morgan is a Surface Acoustic Waves (SAW)
Dynamics C4 Systems, working in LSI design, speech consultant,withoverfortyyearsexperienceinthisarea.
signal processing, advanced signal processing for tele- He has authored two books and has published over 100
phony, and RF communications. He has 36 patents and technicalpapers.HisknowledgeoftheSAWareahasled
hasbeenawardedthe‘‘DistinguishedInnovatorAward’’. tohisbeinginvitedtolectureonthesubjectintheU.S.,
He has also worked with the Software Defined Radio Russia, Finland, Japan, China and Korea. He is a Life
(SDR) Forum from its inception, currently performing SeniorMember of theIEEE.
viii
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Dr. Claude Oestges is a Research Associate of the Bel- gies,BellLabInnovations,supportingenterprisesolutions
gianNationalScienceFoundation(FRS)andapart-time that involved convergence, VoIP, wireless, gigabit
Associate Professor at UCL. He co-authored MIMO switching,ATM,andFrameRelayLAN/WANsolutions.
Wireless Communications and has made more than 100 Hecurrentlydesignsandprovidessolutionsonadvanced
contributions to international journals and conference and complexconverged networks for Fortune 500 com-
proceedings. He was a member of the IEEE 802.11 panies,educationalinstitutions,andsecurityfirms.
Standardization Working Group on ‘‘Multiple antenna
JohanSkoldhasbeenwithEricssonResearchsince1989,
channel modeling’’. He received the IEE Marconi Pre-
where he has been involved in the standardization and
miumAwardin2001andtheIEEEVehicularTechnology
evolution of GSM, EDGE and UMTS/HSPA/LTE.
Society2004Neal ShepherdAward.
Mr.SkoldwasactiveintheFRAMESprojectwithinthe
Ron Olexa has designed and developed cellular tele- European 4th Framework program, and initiated the
communication systems in major US and European work on EDGE as a GSM evolution within that project
markets.HeservedastheCOOofSCT,thenmovedinto andlaterin standardisation. Hewasalsoactiveintaking
theemergingWirelessdataindustryasCTOofAdvanced the WCDMA concept from the FRAMES project into
Radio Telecom. He then started an independent consul- thestandardizationofUMTS/IMT-2000in3GPP,andin
ting company to provide RF and technical guidance to the development of HSPA and LTE as the evolution of
spectrum licensees and companies. More recently he 3G. He isa Senior member ofIEEE.
implemented one of the world’s first WiMax capable
ProfessorMihaelavanderSchaarisAssociateProfessor
networks. He has served on the Board of Directors of
attheUCLAElectricalEngineeringDepartment.Before
EdgeFocus Inc and has authored training material used
thisshewasaseniorresearcheratPhilipsResearchinthe
for certification bythe WiMax forum.
NetherlandsandUSA.Shehaspublishedextensivelyon
Dr. Stefan Parkvall joined Ericsson Research in 1999 multimedia communications, networking, architectures,
where he currently serves as senior specialist in adap- systems, compression and processing, and holds 30 US
tive radio access, working with research on and stan- patents. She is an active participant in the ISO Motion
dardization of future cellular technologies including Picture Expert Group (MPEG) standard and chairs the
HSPA, LTE and LTE-Advanced. His previous positions ad-hoc group on MPEG-21 Scalable Video Coding. She
include being an assistant professor in communication is also a senior member of IEEE, and the Technical
theory at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Committee on Multimedia Signal Processing. She has
Sweden, and a visiting researcher at University of won several awards, including the Okawa Foundation
California, San Diego, USA. Dr Parkvall is a senior Award and the IBM Faculty Award three times.
member of IEEE and received Ericsson’s Inventor of the
Year award 2005. Dr. Feng Zhao is a Principal Researcher at Microsoft
Research,wherehemanagestheNetworkedEmbedded
Charles Pursell has worked in the telecommunications
ComputingGroup.HehastaughtatStanfordUniversity
anddatanetworkingindustryforover20years.Hebegan
and Ohio State University, was a Principal Scientist at
his career at Bell Laboratories as a systems architect for
Xerox PARC and directed PARC’s sensor network
PBX and data network connectivity solutions and has
research effort. He serves as the founding Editor-In-
worked in many positions in voice, data, and converged
ChiefofACMTransactionsonSensorNetworks,andhas
networkdesignandsupport.Heiscurrentlyaconverged
authored or co-authored over 100 technical papers and
networking consultant for Avaya, Inc.
books.Hehasreceivedanumberofawards,andhiswork
Joy Rahman, an award-winning senior converged engi- has been featured in news media such as BBC World
neeringspecialist,startedhiscareeratLucentTechnolo- News, BusinessWeek, and Technology Review.
ix