Table Of ContentSixth Edit io n
C
OGNITION
Gabriel A. Radvansky
University of Notre Dame
Mark H. Ashcraft
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ashcraft, Mark H.
[Human memory and cognition]
Cognition/Gabriel A. Radvansky, University of Notre Dame, Mark H.
Ashcraft, University of Nevada, Las Vegas.—Sixth edition.
pages cm
Previous editions published as: Human memory and cognition/Mark H. Ashcraft.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-98580-7 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-205-98580-7 (alk. paper)
1. Memory. 2. Cognition. I. Radvansky, Gabriel A. II. Title.
BF371.A68 2014
153—dc23 2013023536
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Student Edition:
ISBN-10: 0-205-98580-7
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-98580-7
Books A la Carte:
ISBN-10: 0-205-98623-4
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-98623-1
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 C ognitive Psychology: An Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science 31
Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception 61
Chapter 4 A ttention 101
Chapter 5 Short-Term Working Memory 137
Chapter 6 L earning and Remembering 173
Chapter 7 K nowing 211
Chapter 8 U sing Knowledge in the Real World 250
Chapter 9 L anguage 287
Chapter 10 Comprehension: Written and Spoken
Language 337
Chapter 11 Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning 377
Chapter 12 Problem Solving 428
Chapter 13 Cognition and Emotion 470
Chapter 14 Cognitive Development (online chapter) W-1
iii
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments x vii
Chapter 1 C OGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION 1
T hinking about Thinking 3
M emory and Cognition Defined 6
A n Introductory History of Cognitive Psychology 7
A nticipations of Psychology 9
E arly Psychology 9
B ehaviorism and Neobehaviorism 1 1
E merging Cognition: The Winds of Change 1 2
C ognitive Psychology and Information Processing 1 6
M easuring Information Processes 1 8
G etting Started 1 8
G uiding Analogies 1 8
T ime and Accuracy Measures 2 0
Information Processing and Cognitive Science 2 2
T he Standard Theory 2 3
A Process Model 2 4
R evealing Assumptions 2 5
C ognitive Science 2 8
T hemes 2 9
Chapter 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE 31
C ognitive Neuroscience: The Brain and Cognition Together 3 2
N eurons: The Basic Building Blocks 3 4
B asic Neurology 3 4
N eurons 3 4
N eural Communication 3 6
N eurons and Learning 3 9
N euroanatomy: Important Parts of the Brain 4 1
B rain Anatomy 4 1
P rinciples of Functioning 4 4
S plit-Brain Research and Lateralization 4 6
C ortical Specialization 4 7
L evels of Explanation and Embodied Cognition 5 0
iv
Contents v
N euroimaging: Looking at the Brain 5 1
S tructural Measures 5 1
E lectrical Measures 5 2
M etabolic Measures 5 4
O ther Methods 5 5
N eural Net Models: Connectionism 5 8
Chapter 3 S ENSATION AND PERCEPTION 61
V isual Sensation and Perception 6 2
G athering Visual Information 6 5
V isual Sensory Memory 6 8
T he Early Parts of a Fixation 7 1
A Summary for Visual Sensory Memory 7 1
T rans-saccadic Memory 7 2
P attern Recognition 7 3
G estalt Grouping Principles 7 3
T he Template Approach 7 5
V isual Feature Detection 7 6
Beyond Features: Conceptually Driven Pattern
Recognition 79
C onnectionist Modeling 8 2
O bject Recognition and Agnosia 8 6
R ecognition by Components 8 7
C ontext and Embodied Perception 8 9
A gnosia 9 1
Implications for Cognitive Science 9 2
A uditory Perception 9 4
A uditory Sensory Memory 9 4
A uditory Pattern Recognition 9 8
Chapter 4 A TTENTION 101
M ultiple Meanings of Attention 102
B asics of Attention 103
B asic Input Attentional Processes 104
A lertness and Arousal 105
O rienting Reflex and Attention Capture 107
S potlight Attention and Visual Search 109
C ontrasting Input and Controlled Attention 114
H emineglect: An Attention Deficit 115
vi Contents
C ontrolled, Voluntary Attention 119
S elective Attention and the Cocktail Party Effect 120
S election Models 122
A ttention as a Mental Resource 126
A utomatic and Conscious Processing 127
A Synthesis for Attention and Automaticity 131
D isadvantages of Automaticity 1 32
Chapter 5 S HORT-TERM WORKING MEMORY 137
S hort-Term Memory: A Limited-Capacity Bottleneck 139
S hort-Term Memory Capacity 139
F orgetting from Short-Term Memory 1 40
S hort-Term Memory Retrieval 145
S erial Position Effects 145
S hort-Term Memory Scanning: The Sternberg Task 1 47
W orking Memory 151
T he Components of Working Memory 152
T he Central Executive 154
T he Phonological Loop 155
T he Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad 156
T he Episodic Buffer 160
A ssessing Working Memory 161
D ual Task Method 1 61
W orking Memory Span 164
W orking Memory and Cognition 167
W orking Memory and Attention 167
W orking Memory and Long-Term Memory 167
W orking Memory and Reasoning 169
S ometimes Small Working Memory Spans
Are Better 169
O verview 170
Chapter 6 L EARNING AND REMEMBERING 173
P reliminary Issues 175
M nemonics 175
T he Ebbinghaus Tradition 177
M etamemory 179
S toring Information in Episodic Memory 181
R ehearsal 1 82
F requency of Rehearsal 182
Contents vii
D epth of Processing 184
C hallenges to Depth of Processing 184
G eneration and Enactment 187
O rganization in Storage 188
Imagery 191
C ontext and Encoding Specificity 191
R etrieving Episodic Information 1 94
D ecay 1 94
Interference 195
R etrieval Failure 1 97
R etrieval Cues 1 99
A mnesia and Implicit Memory 203
D issociation of Episodic and Semantic Memory 204
A nterograde Amnesia 205
Implicit and Explicit Memory 208
Chapter 7 K NOWING 211
S emantic Memory 212
S emantic Networks 213
F eature Comparison Models 215
T ests of Semantic Memory Models 217
S emantic Relatedness 218
C onnectionism and the Brain 225
C onnectionism 225
C onnectionism and the Brain 226
S emantic Priming 229
N uts and Bolts of Priming Tasks 229
E mpirical Demonstrations of Priming 231
A utomatic and Controlled Priming 232
P riming Is Implicit 234
S chemata and Scripts 234
B artlett’s Research 235
S chemata 2 37
S cripts 2 38
E vidence of Scripts 242
C oncepts and Categorization 243
T heories of Categorization 243
viii Contents
Chapter 8 U SING KNOWLEDGE IN THE REAL WORLD 250
T he Seven Sins of Memory 251
F acts About the World 252
T he Nature of Propositions 253
S ituation Models and Embodied Cognition 257
L evels of Representation 257
R emembering Facts 258
M etamemory 260
S ource Monitoring 261
P rospective Memory 262
K nowing What You Know 264
F alse Memories, Eyewitness Memory,
and “Forgotten Memories” 265
F alse Memories 266
Integration 268
L eading Questions and Memory Distortions 271
T he Misinformation Effect 2 72
S ource Misattribution and Misinformation
Acceptance 273
S tronger Memory Distortion Effects 276
R epressed and Recovered Memories 278
A utobiographical Memories 279
T he Bahrick Work 279
P henomena of Autobiographical Memory 281
T he Irony of Memory 284
Chapter 9 L ANGUAGE 287
L inguistic Universals and Functions 288
D efining Language 288
L anguage Universals 289
A nimal Communication 293
L evels of Analysis, a Critical Distinction,
and the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 294
P honology: The Sounds of Language 298
S ounds in Isolation 299
C ombining Phonemes into Morphemes 301
S peech Perception and Context 302
E mbodiment in Speech Perception 306
A Final Puzzle 3 07
Contents ix
S yntax: The Ordering of Words and Phrases 308
C homsky’s Transformational Grammar 310
L imitations of Transformational Grammar 313
T he Cognitive Role of Syntax 314
L exical and Semantic Factors: The Meaning in Language 317
M orphemes 318
L exical Representation 318
C ase Grammar 323
Interaction of Syntax and Semantics 3 25
E vidence for the Semantic Grammar
Approaches 327
B rain and Language 329
L anguage in the Intact Brain 329
A phasia 331
G eneralizing from Cases of Brain Damage 335
Chapter 10 COMPREHENSION: WRITTEN
AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE 337
G etting Started: An Overview 338
C onceptual and Rule Knowledge 338
C omprehension Research 339
O nline Comprehension Tasks 340
M etacomprehension 341
C omprehension as Mental Structure Building 342
L evels of Comprehension 345
R eading 345
G aze Duration 346
B asic Online Reading Effects 348
A Model of Reading 350
Summary 353
R eference, Situation Models, and Events 354
Reference 354
S ituation Models 357
Events 364
C onversation and Gesture 366
T he Structure of Conversations 366
C ognitive Conversational Characteristics 368
E mpirical Effects in Conversation 371
G esture 374
