Clinical Veterinary Toxicology

491 Pages·2003·30.7 MB·English

by  Konnie Plumlee DVM MS

′
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CLINICAL VETERINARY TOXICOLOGY 0-323-01125-X
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NOTICE
Veterinary medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be
followed,but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge,changes
in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are
advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of
each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose,the method and dura-
tion of administration,and contraindications.It is the responsibility of the licensed pre-
scriber,relying on experience and knowledge of the patient,to determine dosages and
the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the author
assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from
this publication.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clinical veterinary toxicology/[edited by] Konnie H.Plumlee.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-323-01125-X
1.Veterinary toxicology.I.Plumlee,Konnie.
SF757.5.C65 2003
636.08959—dc22
2003061495
Acquisitions Editor:Liz Fathman
Developmental Editor:Teri Merchant
Publishing Services Manager:Patricia Tannian
Project Manager:Sarah Wunderly
Designer:Julia Dummitt
Printed in United States
Last digit is the print number:9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In memory of my grandmother
Edith Plumlee
who always told me,
“You can do anything you set your mind to.”
v
Professor of Toxicology
Study Director,Toxicology Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Covance Laboratories Inc. University of Missouri
Madison,Wisconsin Columbia,Missouri
Principal Veterinary Toxicologist
Animal Health Laboratories Associate Professor
Western Australian Department of Agriculture Veterinary Clinical Medicine
South Perth,Australia University of Illinois
Urbana,Illinois
Regulatory Policy Analyst
Division of Compliance
Center for Veterinary Medicine Adjunct Professor
Food and Drug Administration Agriculture,Food and Nutritional Science
Rockville,Maryland Faculty of Agriculture,Forestry and Home Economics and
Public Health Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Resident,Anatomic Pathology University of Alberta
Veterinary Toxicologist Edmonton,Alberta,Canada
Department of Pathobiology
University of Florida
College of Veterinary Medicine
Gainesville,Florida Principal Scientist,Study Direction
Mammalian Toxicology
Covance Laboratories Inc.
Associate Professor Vienna,Virginia
Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology
Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
Virginia Tech Adjunct Professor,Toxicology
Blacksburg,Virginia Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
North Carolina State University
Senior Organic Analytical Chemist Raleigh,North Carolina
Illinois Waste Management and Research Center
Illinois State Department of Natural Resources
Champaign,Illinois Research Veterinarian
Department of Toxicology and Environmental Health
Alberta Research Council
Vegreville,Alberta,Canada
Professor of Toxicology,Emeritus
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater,Oklahoma Canine Study Director
Department of Toxicology
Bayer CropScience LP
Veterinary Toxicologist Kansas City,Kansas
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and
Production Animal Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University
Ames,Iowa
Jay C.Albretsen,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT, Stan W.Casteel,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT
ABVT
Jeremy Allen,BVSc,BSc,PhD Peter D.Constable,BVSc,MS,PhD,
Dipl ACVIM
Neal Bataller,ME,DVM
Robert Coppock,DVM,MS,PhD,
Dipl ABVT,ABT
Karyn Bischoff,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT
Rosalind Dalefield,BVSc,PhD,
Dipl ABVT,ABT
Dennis J.Blodgett,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
David Dorman,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Gary O.Bordson,BS,MS
Margita M.Dziwenka,DVM
George Burrows,BS,DVM,PhD,
Dipl ABVT
Steve Ensley,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Thomas L.Carson,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Contributors
vi Contributors
Assistant Professor,Toxicology Retired Director
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Division of Surveillance
Veterinary Toxicologist Center for Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Food and Drug Administration
College of Veterinary Medicine Rockville,Maryland
University of Missouri
Columbia,Missouri
Professor
Clinical Sciences
Professor Colorado State University
Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Fort Collins,Colorado
Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health
College of Veterinary Medicine
Michigan State University Toxicology Resident
East Lansing,Michigan College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois
Urbana,Illinois
Assistant Professor
Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
University of Illinois Toxicologist
Urbana,Illinois Human Safety Division
Veterinary Drug Directorate
Health Canada
Dean Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
College of Agriculture
University of Wyoming
Laramie,Wyoming
Associate Professor
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology
University of Illinois
Adjunct Instructor Urbana,Illinois
Department of Veterinary Biosciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois Consulting Veterinarian in Clinical Toxicology
Manager,Veterinary Toxicology Training ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center
ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Urbana,Illinois
Urbana,Illinois
Clinical Professor and Head,Diagnostic Toxicology
Associate Professor and Diagnostic Toxicologist Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Department of Animal,Dairy,and Veterinary Sciences University of Illinois
Utah State University Urbana,Illinois
Logan,Utah
Resident in Veterinary Toxicology
Department of Veterinary Biosciences
Veterinary Medical Officer College of Veterinary Medicine
USDA—ARS-ANRI University of Illinois
Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Urbana,Illinois
Beltsville,Maryland
Tim J.Evans,DVM,MS,PhD,Dipl ACT, William C.Keller,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT,
ABVT ABT
Anthony P.Knight,BVSc,MS,MRCVS,
Dipl ACVIM
Scott D.Fitzgerald,DVM,PhD,
Dipl ACVP,ACPV
Camilla Lieske,DVM,MPVM
Richard L.Fredrickson,Jr.,DVM,MS
Shajan A.Mannala,BSc,BVSc,MS,PGD
Francis D.Galey,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Milton M.McAllister,DVM,PhD,
Dipl ACVP
Sharon Gwaltney-Brant,DVM,PhD,
Dipl ABVT,ABT
Charlotte Means,DVM,MLIS
Gavin L.Meerdink,DVM,Dipl ABVT
Jeffrey O.Hall,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Valentina Merola,DVM
William R.Hare,DVM,MS,PhD,
Dipl ABVT,ABT
Contributors vii
Associate Professor,Clinical Veterinary Pathology Adjunct Professor
California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory Animal,Dairy and Veterinary Science Department
System Utah State University
University of California—Davis Logan,Utah
Tulare,California
Consultant,Drug Regulatory Affairs
Associate Professor and Veterinary Toxicologist Germantown, Maryland
Department of Physiological Sciences
Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory
College of Veterinary Medicine Senior Lecturer
Oklahoma State University Institute of Veterinary,Animal and Biomedical Sciences
Stillwater,Oklahoma Massey University
Palmerston North,New Zealand
Scientific Director Section Head,Toxicology
Preclinical Safety Reid Veterinary Hospital
Abbott Laboratories Albany,Oregon
Abbott Park,Illinois
Associate Professor and Environmental Toxicologist
Veterinary Toxicology Resident Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Veterinary Biosciences College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois Kansas State University
Urbana,Illinois Manhattan,Kansas
Extension Specialist and Associate Professor
of Veterinary Toxicology Director
Veterinary Science Department Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Louisiana State University AgCenter Arkansas Livestock and Poultry Commission
School of Veterinary Medicine Little Rock,Arkansas
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge,Louisiana
Associate Professor of Veterinary Toxicology
Chief,Toxicology Laboratory
Illinois Department of Agriculture New Bolton Center
Animal Disease Laboratory Department of Pathobiology
Centralia,Illinois School of Veterinary Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Kennett Square,Pennsylvania
Professor,Toxicology,Pathobiology,Medicine and
Physiology
Director,Comparative Toxicology Laboratories Director,Division of Surveillance
College of Veterinary Medicine Center for Veterinary Medicine
Kansas State University Food and Drug Administration
Manhattan,Kansas Rockville,Maryland
Professor
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and
Production Animal Medicine
Iowa State University
Ames,Iowa
Robert B.Moeller,Jr.,DVM Kip E.Panter,PhD
Mukund Parkhie,DVM,PhD
Sandra E.Morgan,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT
Kathleen Henry Parton,BS,DVM,MS
Sherry J.Morgan,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP,
ABT,ABVT Michael E.Peterson,DVM,MS
John A.Pickrell,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT
Carla K.Morrow,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT
Steven S.Nicholson,DVM,Dipl ABVT Konnie H.Plumlee,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT,
ACVIM
Robert Poppenga,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Gene Niles,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT
Fred Oehme,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Lynn Post,MS,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Gary Osweiler,DVM,MS,PhD,Dipl ABVT
viii Contributors
Assistant Professor,Veterinary Toxicology Veterinary Pathologist/Toxicologist
California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
System Arkansas Livestock and Poultry Commission
School of Veterinary Medicine Little Rock,Arkansas
University of California—Davis
Davis,California
Veterinary Pathologist
USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory
Associate Director Logan,Utah
Consumer Relations and Technical Services
The Hartz Mountain Corporation
Secaucus,New Jersey
Associate Professor
Department of Food Science and Toxicology
Manager,Livestock Technical Services University of Idaho
Schering-Plough Animal Health Corporation Moscow,Idaho
Canyon,Texas
Professor,Botany
Veterinary Medical Officer Curator of Herbarium
USDA-APHIS Department of Botany
Fresno,California Oklahoma State University
Stillwater,Oklahoma
Associate Professor
Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Adjunct Instructor,Toxicology
University of Missouri Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Columbia,Missouri Iowa State University
Ames,Iowa
Veterinary Clinical Toxicologist
Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation Assistant Professor,Toxicology
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Biosciences
Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
East Lansing,Michigan University of Illinois
Urbana,Illinois
Consulting Veterinarian in Clinical Toxicology
ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Pathologist
Urbana,Illinois Department of Pathology,Preclinical Safety
Abbott Laboratories
Abbott Park,Illinois
Assistant Professor,Ruminant Medicine
Department of Population Health and Pathobiology
North Carolina State University ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center
Raleigh,North Carolina Urbana,Illinois
Assistant Research Director Professor
Center for Life Sciences and Toxicology Department of Pathology,Microbiology,and Immunology
RTI International School of Veterinary Medicine
Research Triangle Park,North Carolina University of California—Davis
Davis,California
Birgit Puschner,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT Eric L.Stair,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT,ABT
Bryan Stegelmeier,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP
Jill Richardson,DVM
Patricia A.Talcott,MS,DVM,PhD,
Dipl ABVT
Joseph D.Roder,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Ronald J.Tyrl,PhD
Marcy Rosendale,DVM
George E.Rottinghaus,PhD
David Villar,DVM,MS,PhD,Dipl ABVT
Wilson K.Rumbeiha,DVM,PhD,Dipl ABT,
ABVT Petra A.Volmer,DVM,MS,Dipl ABVT,
ABT
Mary Michael Schell,DVM
Diann L.Weddle,DVM,PhD
Geoffrey W.Smith,DVM,MS,PhD
Sherry Welch,DVM
Wayne Spoo,DVM,Dipl ABT,ABVT Dennis W.Wilson,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP
Contributors ix
Veterinary Toxicologist Associate Professor
ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory
Urbana,Illinois School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California—Davis
Davis,California
Tina Wismer,DVM,Dipl ABVT Leslie W.Woods,DVM,PhD,Dipl ACVP
xi
Veterinary toxicology is a difficult subject because poisons can name.The decision was made to classify the plants by toxin
affect animals differently depending on species, breed, age, so there would be a unified discussion of all plants that cause
gender, health status, or reproductive status.This book is a the same disease.Plants with undescribed toxins are catego-
comprehensive text to be used as a teaching tool for veterinary rized under "Unknown Toxins." Of course,some plants cause
students and as a reference for clinical practitioners treating more than one toxic problem,and the reader is referred to the
pets,livestock,or birds. index to locate all page references for any given plant.
The book is divided into three parts. This book is designed to be a comprehensive and unique text
• PART ONE: PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY. This that meets the needs of the veterinary student as well as the
part provides the basic information needed to understand clinician. It can be used either to study groups of poisons
how poisons affect the body,how the body responds to a for- or as a resource for developing a differential diagnosis for
eign substance,how poisonings are diagnosed,and how poi- poisoned animals.
sonings are treated. PART THREE categorizes the poisons by type (metals,
• PART TWO: MANIFESTATIONS OF TOXICOSES. mycotoxins,etc.) or source (feed-associated,household,etc.)
This part provides differential diagnoses and pathologic to assist the reader in grouping the poisons in a logical
findings associated with toxic effects on each body system. manner.This allows the veterinarian,when confronted with
The pages in this section are edged in gray to make the sec- a known poison, to determine the class of toxicant, its
tion easy to find. mechanism of action, and the proper course of treatment.
• PART THREE:CLASSES OF TOXICANTS.This part However,the veterinarian is often confronted with a patient
classifies poisons by type or source and provides detailed that is intoxicated with an unknown poison.The reader can
information regarding synonyms, sources, toxicokinetics, refer to PART TWO to find a list of potential toxicants based
mechanism of action, toxicity, risk factors, clinical signs, on the clinical signs or lesions that the patient is exhibiting.
clinical pathology, lesions, diagnostic testing, treatment, From there, the reader can refer to PART THREE to read
prognosis,and prevention and control.Several toxicants fall about the specific poisons so that the list of possible etiologies
into more than one category; to prevent redundancy, each can be narrowed further.
toxicant was placed in the most logical category.
The plant chapter was the most difficult to organize,with Konnie H.Plumlee
options including plant family, genus name, or common
ORGANIZATION FUNCTION
Preface
xiii
Throughout my years as a veterinary student,a clinician,and to everyone at Elsevier who worked on this project,especial-
finally a toxicologist,I wondered why a comprehensive text- ly Linda Duncan for understanding my vision for the book,
book devoted to veterinary toxicology was not available. and Teri Merchant for her infinite patience and words of
About a year into the writing of this book,I understood why! encouragement.
Organizing the contents of the book and the multitude of
authors was a daunting task.I owe a great deal of gratitude to Konnie H.Plumlee
the contributing authors, who graciously share their knowl- Little Rock,Arkansas
edge and expertise on the pages of this book.Special thanks
Acknowledgments