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SSSyyydddnneeeyyy,,, NNNSSSWWW 222000000000 wworks waar wworrkk 119993399––11994455;; pp..2277 ((ttooppp)): CCAAAB 998/662 Caapttuurreeeedd VV22
rockeett llooaaadddeeeddd ooonn ttrraaaiiinn 1119944455; pp...2277 (botttoooom): HHOO 11199222///6625 (44) Firsst
VVV22 sssttrriiikkkeee SSttaveley Roaad, Chiswwicck 888--99 SSeeppteemmbbeerr 1199444;; pp.228888
EEddiiittoorr::: AAAnnnnnnaaabbbeeelll SSStttooonnneeesss
((abovvee): HHWWW 11//1 Churchill reqqueest too bbbee sent EEnniiggmmaa mmeessssaggges
DDDeeesssiigggnnneeerrr:: EEEllaaiinnneee WWilkkinnssoon
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RRReeessseeeaaarrrccchhheeerrrsss:: LLaauurraa SSSiimmmpppsssooonnn aannnddd EEEdddwwwaaarrddd FFFiiieeelllddd
Teedder to Churchiillll,, rrailway bboommbbiinngg ccaassuuallttiieess,, 2233 MMaayy 1199444444;;
aaattt TTThhheee NNNaaatttiiiooonnnaaalll AAArrrccchhhhiivvveeesss
p.29 ((topp lleefftt)):: IINNFF 11//224444 WWinssttoonn CChhuurrcchhilll;; pp..2299 ((ttoopp rriigghhtt))): EE
332299//447755 GGGrrreeeeaaaatttt SSSSeeeeaaaallll ooooffff HHHHeeeennnrryyy VVVVVIIIIIIIIIIII 1111555533331111 oooobbbbvvveeerrrrsssseeee;;; pppp..22228888 ((((bbbboooottttttttoooomm))::
TTThhheee NNNaaatttiiiooonnnaaalll AAArchivvves looks after the UK goovernnnmmmenntt’’ss historiccall
8000ppx-A gloveedd ppaaiirr ooff hhaannddss aatt TThhee NNaattiioonnaall AArrcchhiivveess..
dddooocccuuummmeeennntttsss.. IIIttt hhhoolldds records datingg backk nearly 111,,000000 yyeears
fffrrrooommm ttthhheee tttiiimmmeee oof WWiillliam the CCoonqueroorr’s Doommeesdayy BBooook to thhe
BBaacckkggrrouunnd imagess aanndd ootthheerr ggrraapphhiicc eelleemmeenntts coouurrtteessyy ooff
ppprrreeessseeennnttt ddaaayyy... AAAllll sssorts of documents are ssttoorreedd tthheerree, iincclluudinnng
Shutteerrssttocckk..
llleeetttttteeerrrsss, ppphhhootttooogggraphs, maps anndd ppoosters.. TThheeyy inncclludeee ggrreeeaaatt Kinnggs
aannddd Queenss,, fffaammoouuss rebbelss likke GGuuyy FFaawwkkeess aanndd tthhee ssttrraannggee aanndd
uunuuuussssuuuaal – ssuuuccchh aass reeeppppoorrttss ooff UUUFFOOOsss aaannddd eeevveeenn aaaa mmuuuummmmiififi eedd raaaattt!!! DDiissccllaaiimmeerr:: EEvveerryy eeffffoorrt has bbeen made ttoo ttrraaccee tthhee ccooppyyrriigghhtt
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iinn tthhiiss bbooookk tthheenn pplleeaassee ccoonnttaaaacctt tthhee ppuubblliisshheer..
Materiial reprrooduced couuurrtteessyy oof TTThhe NNaationnall AArrcchhiivveess,
Lonnddoon, Englaaannnddd..
wwww.nationallarchiveess.ggoovv.ukk PPleaassee nnoottee::
TThhe wweebbssiittee aaddddrreesssseess ((URRLLssss)) iinncclluuddeedd iinn tthhiiss bbooookk wwere vvaalliidd
Cataloogguue reefffeeerences andd ppiccttuure aacckknowwlleeddggeemmeents (IImmaggeess at thhee ttimme ooff ggooing ttoo pprreessss.. HHoowweevveerr,, bbeeccaauussee ooff tthhee nnaattuurree ooff
from The Naattiiioonal AArrcchhhhiivveess uunnlleesss ootthheerrwwiise ssttaattedd)):: CCCoveerrr tthe Internet,, iitt iiss ppoossssiibbllee tthhaatt ssoommee aaddddrreesssseess mmaayy hhaavvee cchhaannggeed,
(top left): MMUUNN 5/29977 HHMM EExppllosives Factory Gretnnaa DDuummffrrieess or ssiteess mmaayy hhaave cchhaannggeedd oorr cclloosseedd ddoowwnn ssiinnccee ppuubblliiccaattiioonnn.
(3) 11918;; CCovvveer ((bottom leefftt)) && pp..226:: PPRROO 5500//5599 ((110066)) AAiirr While tthhee aauutthhoorr aanndd ppuubblliisshheeeerrssg rrrreeggrreett aannyy iinnccoonnvveenniieennccee tthhiiss
raid precaauuuttiooonns at Pubblicc RReeccoorrdd OOfffifi ccee,, CChhaancceery LLaannee;; CCoovveer mmaayy ccaauussee ttoo tthhee rreeaadddeeerrss,, nnoo rreessppoonnssiibbiilliittyy ffoorr aannyy ssuucchh cchhaannggeess
((cccentre, mmeedaaall)): © Crowwnn ccooppyyrigghhtt 22001133;; CCoovveerr ((rriigghhtt)) && pp..77 ccaann bbee aacccceepptteedd bbyy eeiitthheer tthhee aauutthhoorr oorr tthhee ppuubblliisshheerrss..
(ttoopp)):: ZZPPEEERR 3344//114488 RReed CCrossss Woorrkeerrs 1191166 11; pp22 && pp..1111 ((ttoopp)):
AIR 11///5566999//11666////1155//114442 Afttermatth of HHulll aaiirr rraaiidd,, 11991155;; pp..55 ((ttoopp)):: A ccaattaalloogguuiinngg rreeccoorrd foor tthhis title is aavvaaiillaabbllee aatt tthhee
INNF 33//0448866 GGCC BBoooook BBrraandoonn Roosss man resccuuiinnggg wwoommaann ffrroomm BBBBBrriittiisshh LLiiibraryy.
dddeeeeeebbbbbbrrrrrriiiissss AAAArrrttiisstt OOOOO’’’CCCCoooonnnneellllll;; ppp..555 (((bboootttttoommm)))::: ZZZPPEERRR 33334444////1114444888 RReeessseerrvvviissttss
CCaallll---UUUppp Noticcee 119916–l; p.6, p.999 (top lefft) && ppp.22: SShuttttersttock;; IISSBBNN 997788 00 77550022 77997711 00
pp..77 ((bbbooottttttooommm)))::: RRRAAAIIILLL 225533//5511666 CChhrristtmas anndd NNNeww YYear card from
ttthhheee FFFrrrooonnnttt 111999111555––11999111888---lll;; p.8: Peter Hickss;; pp..9 (ttoopp rrriiiggghhtt))):: DDDe DDeewweeyy NNuummmbbeerr 99944000..33’’116611
AAAgggooossstttiiinnniii///GGGeeettttttyyy IIImmmaaagggeees; p.10: AAIIR 1/7/6/9998 (228) Craasshhheeeddd ZZeeppppeeelliinn
11199 DDeecceeemmmbbbeerrr 111999111888;;; ppp...111111 (centree)):: AAIIRR 11//56699//16/1555//142 CCourrrsseee PPrrintteedd iinnn CChhiinnaa
ooofff ZZeeppppeelliinn, 1119991115.;;; pp..112: Petteerrr HHHiiiccckkksss;;; ppp...111133 ((ttoopp)): WORRK 66999//88
SSSiillvvveeerrrtttooowwwnnn eeexxxppplllooosssiiooonn, ssccceeene llookking Souuth Easstt fffrrroooommmm tttoopp ooff
WWaayyllaaannnddd iiiss aa ddddiiivviiiisssiiiooonnn ooff HHaacchheettttee CChhiillddrreenn’’ss BBooookkss,,
FFiiirreeemmmeeennn’’’sss ttoowwweeerrr,,, 11199117; p.113 (boottom): MUN 55//22889 NNatioonaaaal
aann Haacchheettte UUKK ccoommppaanny
PPPrrrooojjjeeeccctttiiillleee FFFaaaccctttooorrryyy HHHaaaccckknneeyy MMaarrssshheesss SShheell Stackks 199116-l; pp.14:
wwww.hacchhette.ccco.ukk
IIWWWMM vvviiiaaa GGeettttyyy IIImmaaaggeess;; pp..1155 ((ttooppp leefftt)):: EEXXTT 11//331155/Pt2 Woomen
CCoommee AAAnnddd HHHeeelpp ppooosssttteeerr WWWWIII---lll;;; ppp...111555 ((ttoopp rrriiiggghhtt))):::
NNAATTTSSS 111///111333000777 WWWooommmeeennn ooonnn bbboooaaarrrddd aaa tttrrraaaiiinnn 111999111777---lll;;;
pp..11166 &&& pp..3300 ((tttooop))):: HHHOOO 333333888///222777 FFFiiirrreee sseeerrrvvviiiccceee wwwooorrrkkk
oonn bboommbbb dddaammaageddd bbbbuuuuiiillldddiiinnngg,,, 111999444000––––111999444555;;; ppp...111777
(((tttoopp))):: FFOOO 8889998888////5522777 SSSStt Paullss CCaatthheeddrraall LLLooonnndddooonnn
ppaarrtlyy obbssccuureedd bby ssmmookkkee ooff bboommbbss dduurriinngg tthhe
Blitz 199440-l;; pp..1177 (bottom): INNNFFF 33//4447777 GGGCC BBooookkk
A E DDolppphhiiinnn mmmaann aatttteemppttiinngg ttoo reesssccuuee nuurrssee ––
wall ccoolllapsingg,,, AArrrttiisst TTeerenncccee CCuneeo;; pp..111888::: IIINNNFF
2/7733 44 TThee NNNeww IInncceenndiaarryy BBBoommbb;; pp..1199 ((ttooppp llleeeffftt)):::
RRAIL 442211//7711 (11)) Rail disasstter,, CCuurzon streett,,
BBiirrmmiinngghhaamm 1994400;; pp.1199 (top riightt)): IINNFF 1133///223366
What is Bravery?
4
Trapped Behind Enemy Lines
6
The Lady on the Black Horse
8
Attack from Above
10
An Awful Splendour
12
Légion d’Honneur
14
Blitz!
16
Firefi ghter
18
Shark-infested Waters!
20
Hull had no Peace
22
Ammunition Train
24
Beyond Human Endurance
26
Research and Records
28
Glossary
30
Further Information
31
Innddex
32
AVERY
Waattiippprhhcsseeeet eeooccs iitttppaa rrhhhhhoootllll fllleeeeeelloodd rrrrnnnee wwhhhdd rdd nnoeooBi f r ggbrllmm ooolmiiiooiiiivvtteesrrnna eendmeeggggiissssii n.. atttsttbb Shhnaoohhheeodaa syyaaaasmm tnnoossssaaaawweeeee nnnn vviiobbrttddeessmii e h mtteeettteeeahhhhhnxxxneseesss eeee ppaaaa w, teeccll thhpaccaa iiwokvvettll aeeooeeellpppddssrnnn eoo, ll rrooooo fffffppeeofffffff l rrddo rrr aaoott uuriiaaaactthhttssmfffffeeeehheeeeeyykkk tt,eemm,,a ee srroooombb..rrttrrrsssss eeaa o.. aaaaccgggg zrrTTTTTTTT aaaaiiiiiiiihhhhhvvuuneieesggssssss eee uu pp
TThhrouugghhoouuutt hhiissttorry, ggooveerrrnnmmmeennttss hhavee
alwayyyss decorated soldierrss aand sssaaiilloors
for brraaavvvee dddeeeeddss iinn tthhee hheeaatt ooff
battlee.. Hoowwevveer, thhe decorattiioonn
of cciiivviiilliianns iss aa nneewweerr iiddeeaa
aaandd iitt wwass nnoott uunnttiill tthhee
sseeeccoonndddd hhaallf off tthe 1199tthh
cceeeeennntttuurrrryyyy ttthhhhhhaaatttt mmeeeeddaallsss
wwweerre aaawwaaardedd foorr
ccciiivvviiillliiiaaannn bbbrrrraaavvveeerryy. IInn 11886666,,,, tthhee AAllbbeerrtt
MMeeddaall wwaaaass ccrreeaatteedd ttoo
hhoonnoouurr tthhoosseeee wwhhoo hhaaadd
sssssaaavveedd aa lliiffee.. TThhhhee EEddwwaarrrddd
mmmeeedddaaaal oorrigggiinnnaatteeddd iinn 11990077 aandd
reccooggnnnniisseddd bbbrraavve aaaccccttss iinn mminnesss,
qqqquuuaarrrrrriieeessss aanndd ootthheerr iinndddduussttriiaaall sssiitteess.
In 199444000,, thheee GGGeorgee Crossss wwass
eestaabblissheedd tttoo bee ggiven ffor galllanntryy annnd
iiisss ttthhee hhiiigggggghhheeesssttt cciviliaann awwardd.
(cid:2)(cid:2)(cid:2) TTThhheee GGGeeeooorrrggggggeee CCCrrrooossssss iiisss aaawwaarrddeeddd fffooor ‘‘actss ooofff ttthhhee
gggrrreeeaaattteeesssttt hheeerrrooooooiiisssmmm ooorrr cccooouuurrraaagggeee iiinnn ccciiirrrcccuuuuuummmssstttaaannnccceeesss ooff
eexxxxttttttrrrrreeeeemmmmmeeee dddddaaannnnggggeeeerrrr’’.
4444444
(cid:3)(cid:3)oohhTTTTmmcctthhoovvoohheee aaeeuuuuSSooddddrrttrrssppss aaeeaasstteeeeee hhlllggccdd vveecciiwweeuuaaeeiiss rrllvvnneeddee iiCCiinn rrsuu llllhheeeaaooiiiiggrrooooaaaaaa ccnniittnncuunnnnnttsshhioorrssssggstteess aa tt ww wwwww ttbbttttCCtthoolleehhhhhhhooeeee rreeoooovvrr BBeeeeWWee oosswwwwwrr nnwwaaccnnootteeeeennuurrllrriirrrrryyddeeyyttlleeeeenndd oossBBpp ee nnuuaaaaaWWlleess iirrwwwwwMMttoossvvzzaaeeppaaaaaiioo rrvvdiillrrrrssssnnooeeddddd.ss.. rr NNeeeCCsswwIIww dddttooooiihhoo nn jjuuvvaaaoorruu eennkkkkaaaa ssmmbbee ssttttbbllhhddrr bbeeeoommaa ooeeffssmmvvwwoorrsseeee rrbb ee11aaoorree99ddnnyyttdd44hh ss 00ee.rr ‘‘WWWWWd tttaahhhhhwwwhhhnneeettttggggrrraaaannnnhhhhTTTToooooessssss MMMMMMMeeuuuuaaaaccc rggggkkkkrrr oooooooootttteeeehhhheeennnnsssssuuunnnnnhhh ddddddssssssssssssiiiiaa rr’’’’’fftttttt sssssppppp eerrhhhiiiii sssoooooGGGGGoooeeeeepppnnnmmnnnnneeeee sssssssaaoooooaaapp iiiii ttttllllcccrrrrrbbbbbbeebbbbbhhhhoooggggglllllleeeeeeeennnnneeeeeeeeeeerr eee cc sshhhhhhhrrrrCCCCCCfffffff eeaaooeeeeerrrrroowwwppnnooooommrr oooooossssssssssssssscc eeeerrrrrrsssssss llltttttttaa eeekkkk hhhhhaaaaaaa cccllleeeooiiiaaaaaeewwwwwwwrrvvffffdddrrri eeaaaaaaa ttttBBsssseeehhrrrrr.iii’rrdddddaaaaiiccccdddaasst...vvv aaann iii aaalllllnnnwwwddllllllnnngggggggggyyoooaadddd nn yyoo ffff
aaaaccccttttssss ooooffff bbbbrrraaavvvveeeerrrryyyyy aaaannnndddd kkkkiiiinnnndddnnneeeessssss ttooooooookkk pppppllaaaacceeeeee tttthhhaaaattt
wweerree nnoott sseeeeeenn oorr rreeccooggggnniisseedd..
Civilians at War
Before World Wars I and II civilians were
only really affected by a conflict if they lived
near to the battlefield, or an army marched
through where they lived. The World Wars
changed this, because they were examples
of total war – when everybody became
involved. Men and women were conscripted
or ‘called up’ by the government, were asked
to work in more dangerous jobs and both
sides targeted industrial towns and cities.
(cid:3) Reservists are ‘called up’ for the
Civilians were now in the front line. armed forces in 1916. 5555555
T
NNaame:
Esmee Sartorius
Date:
August–November 1914
hen World War I began in Event: German invasion
August 1914, medical servicees of Belgium
ffooottorhrgge a tlnhaiers gBeerd i.n tTuihmsheby eA rcr oomuffyl c dwa enssruuoetaa llncttooiiptee essw wessllooilt h TMBLheoeelcgd aMiaatiolno:n –nsD: Suttacrh border
vvcohlaurnittaiersy sotregpapneids aitni.o Onnse a onfd themm
was the St. John’s Ambulance.
On 14 August, Esmee Sartorriuss,, a mmeemmber wwhhenn Geermmaann soldierss sudddeennlyy swooped
wwiitthh jjuusstt tthhrreeee mmoonntthhh’ss ttttrraaiinniinngg, fffooouuunnndddd iinntttoo tthhheee wwaarrddss llooookkkiinngggg ffoorr ddeesseeerrrttteeerrss oorr
herself in Brussseellss, the BBeellggiann ccaappiittaall.. chheckking that French ssoldiers were not
All the nurses were on staannddbby bbeeccauussee escaaping. Luckily Esmee spoke French,
a large battttle was expecteedd. TThheen it wass soo the Germanss thoughht she was Belgian.
announced that the Germannss wweerree juusst
WWheenn tthhee hhosppiittaall wass emptied of patiiennts,
outside the city and aall Allieed nnuurrsseess and
thhe BBritish nnuurrses deciided to try to escappee
wwounded would be evacuaateedd. However,,
Esmeee and her friends decided to bbaacckk ttoo BBrriittaaiinn tthhrouughh neeuutral Holland.
staay and help. On 16 Augustt, the Thheeiirr BBeellggiaann ffrieennddss ggave them somee
Germans marched into Brussels. monneyy aandd GGeermmann ppappeers tthhat would
EEsmmeee’s group was sent by the get tthhem too LLiièèggee,, aabbouutt 225 kkilometres
Belgian Red Cross to the city of ffromm tthhhhee bbboorrdddeerr.. TTThhhey crrowdddedd iinto an
Charleroi where they were ambuulannccee aanndd sseett offff. TTTThhee ambulance
to join up with other British coouulldd oonnllyy ttaakkee tthheemm ssoo ffaarr, but by train,
nuurses at a hosspital. ttrraamm aanndd wwaallkkiinngg tthheeyy rreaacchheed Liège.
Whhen tttthheeyy arrived, tthhee ccittyy was in FFrroomm ttherree,, EEssmmeeee foouunndd aa vveegetaabblee ccaart
rruinns aand ttthee hhospital waass full of Frencchh ttoo hiiddee inn ggooiinngg ttoo mmaarrkkett at Maaasstricht,
wwwwoouundddeeddd.. IItt wwas vveerry nneerrvvee-wwrraacckkkiinng aa ttoowwnn iinn HHoollllaanndd,, bbut aatt thhee froonntier
666
AAAAA SSSSSEEEECCCOOONNNNNDDDD TTTTTHHHHHHOOOOUUUUUUGGGGGGHHHHTTTTTT
WWWWWhhhhyyyy ddddoooo yyyyyyooouuuu tttthhhhiinnkkkk EEssmmeeee ddeecciiddeedddd ttoo ssttaayy
iin BBeellggiiiiuumm wwhheeeenn eevveerryyyyoonnee eellssssee wweenntt
(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:3) MMMMaannyy woommeenn hheellpppeedd tthhee waarr eeffffoorrtt
bback too EEnnggllaand?
bby vvolunnteering foor oorrganisattions ssuucchh
as the Redd Cross.
thee drriivveerr wwoulldd oonnly rrisk taakingg tthreee Esmmeeee sshhoowweedd hhiimm tthheeir papers he was
ppeoopple. Esmmeee,, heerr frienndd aand aa Belgian impressseedd wwitthh thee GGeerman staampp. Laterr,
ggoott oouut aand trieedd ccrrawling unndeerr thhe tthheyy mmannaageedd ttoo bbrribe another sentry, annd
froonnttiieerr bbaarrbbeedd wwiirre.. AA seennttrry saaw thheem tthheeyy ccrrawwled unnder the wire into HHollandd.
aandd tthrreeeaatteeneeeedddd ttooo sssshhoooooottt!! HHoooowweeveer,, wheen WWiitthhiinn aaa ffeew ddaayyss ttheeyy weeree aat Fooolkeesstoonnee.
The Schlieffen Plan
Esmee was trapped by the German invasion
of Belgium. The German war plan, known as
the Schlieffen Plan, was designed to avoid
fighting France and Russia at the same time.
The plan was to defeat France quickly, by
going through neutral Belgium, surrounding
Paris and then turning east to take on Russia.
However, the German Army was slowed down
by the Allied forces and failed to reach Paris.
(cid:3) This offi cial British Christmas card
Russia entered the war much quicker than
shows ‘Tommy’ going into battle with
expected and attacked Germany in the east. rifl e and pipe!
7777777
NNaamme:
Mabel Ann St. Clair Stobart
Date:
October–December 1915
rs Mabel Ann St. Clair Stobart, Event:
an active campaaigner for The Great Retreat in Serbia
women’s rights and aa suffragist, TLhoec aBtailokna:n s
ffSooeurnvdiceed Ltheea gWuoem ienn ’11s999 N1144a tttiooo n‘‘pparrloo vviiddee… TMheed Oarld: ers of The White
ssReeertdv u iCpcr eoa sa hst,o hsbopumitt eia tol r wf aoarbs rotohvaeedr B’r. euSlnhg eib ayn EEagle and St. Sava
tttttthhhhheeee GGGGGermmmmmans!
In 1915, Mabel Ann wass askkeed bbyy tthhee AAll wentt wwelll unntil Octtober,, wwhheen German,
Serbian Relief Fund to run aa hhoossppiittaall in AAuussttrro-HHungarian andd Bulgariann troops
Serbia. She andd her nurrsseess set upp aa chhaain invaaddeed Serbia.
of clinics to heellpp tthhe thoouussanddss ooff SSeerrbbss
It wwas very one-sided: 30000,,000000 ffrreesshh
suffering from typhus, dipphhtthheeriiaa, smalllppoox
ttrrrooooooopppsss wwwiiittthhh aaarrrttiilllleerryy aaggggaaiinnsstt tthhee ttiirreedd,
and tuberculosis.
illll aanndd pooorrly eqquuippedd Serbss. Thhere wwasss
(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:4)TThhee ddiifffi cult mouunnttaainns oooff oonly oone tthhiinngg ttoo ddo: reetreat south.
Moontenegro that Mabel Annn’ss
parrty had to ccrosss tto rreaacchh
ssaaffeety in Albaania.
8888
