Cities And Structural Adjustment

279 Pages·1996·2.01 MB·English

by  Nigel Harris

Cities and structural adjustment
Cities and structural
adjustment
Nigel Harris & Ida Fabricius
University College London
LONDON AND NEW YORK
© Nigel Harris, Ida Fabricius and contributors 1996
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention.
No reproduction without permission.
All rights reserved.
First published in 1996 by UCL Press
Reprinted 2003 by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane
London, EC4P 4EE
Routledge is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data are available.
ISBN 0-203-97789-0 Master e-book ISBN
ISBNs:
1-85728-618-9 (Print Edition) HB
1-85728-619-7 (Print Edition) PB
Contents
Foreword viii
Preface ix
Notes on contributors x
Inauguration of the symposium xiii
Introduction 1
Nigel Harris
Macroeconomic reforms and cities 5
City reactions 8
Endnote 11
References 12
1 New economic roles: the changing structure of the city 13
economy
Peter M.Townroe
Introduction 13
Cities, rich and poor 16
The context of the world economy 19
New roles for cities in MDCs 21
New roles for cities in LDCs 23
Emerging urban geographies 25
Emerging structural issues 26
Economic and environmental sustainability 26
References 28
The discussion 29
Rapporteur summary 32
Zilton Macedo
2 The city as development agency 35
I The entrepreneurial city: promotion and development 35
Joaquim Clusa
The discussion 40
v
II Failures and successes: the balance sheet 43
L.K.Deshpande
The discussion 48
Rapporteur summary 51
Richard Tomlinson
3 Finance and governance 55
I Financing city development 55
Ricardo Samaniego
The discussion 62
II New forms of governance 64
O.P.Mathur
The discussion 70
Rapporteur summary 71
Sandy Taylor
4 Bombay and the international experience 79
Bombay First 79
Gerson Da Cunha
Planning the city 81
V.K.Phatak
Governance in Bombay 83
D.M.Sukhtankar
Bombay’s economy 84
Lalit Deshpande
Lessons for Bombay? 86
Nigel Harris
The discussion 88
5 Summing up 92
William F.Lever
Introduction 92
Patterns of similarities between cities 94
Conclusion 99
References 99
6 Barcelona: economic development 1970–95 100
Joaquim Clusa
From industrial city to service centre: sharp structural adjustment 100
The impact of 1975–85 economic crisis 102
1986–92: growth, renewal, policies and the Olympic Games 103
vi
Post structural adjustment dynamics (1992–95) 109
Conclusions 113
7 Kingston, Jamaica: structural adjustment and policy 115
Cheryl Gopaul
Introduction 115
I Background of structural adjustment programme in Jamaica, 115
1977–90
II Kingston Metropolitan Area before and after SAP implementation 118
III Policy measures to mediate the adverse impacts of the structural 127
adjustment programme
IV Prospects for the KMA 132
References 132
Further reading 133
8 Bogotá, Colombia: restructuring with continued growth 134
Julio D.Dávila
I Introduction 134
II Colombia: a dispersed pattern of urbanization 135
III Concentration of population and production in Bogotá, 1951–94 137
IV The foundations of a resilient urban economy 145
V The impact of liberalization 152
VI Conclusions 154
Appendix 155
References 156
9 Mexican neoliberalism and urban management in Monterrey 159
Gustavo Garza
Structure and macroeconomic dynamics 160
Metropolitan administration, regulation and policies 166
New administrative approaches to promote large infrastructure 168
projects
Conclusions: new schemes for developing large infrastructure 169
projects
References 172
Further reading 172
10 The changing structure of Johannesburg’s economy 173
Richard Tomlinson
Johannesburg and the inner city 173
Development policy 194
vii
References 196
Further reading 197
11 Sheffield: restructuring of a city economy over two decades 198
Peter Townroe
Introduction 198
The need to adjust 199
Public policy intervention 203
A current assessment 208
References 211
12 Santiago de Chile: the second turning point 212
Antonio Daher
Introduction 212
Santiago, first turning point 214
Santiago, second turning point 218
Conclusions and challenges 223
References 225
13 “La Métropole du Nord”: a frontier case-study in urban 227
socio-economic restructuring
Annick Loréal, FrankMoulaert & Jean-FrançoisStevens
Introduction 227
The Lille metropolis and its boundaries 228
The urban framework 228
Economic crisis and structural changes 230
Public responses to socio-economic challenges 239
Emergence of a connection between players: the birth of a coherent 244
strategy
References 246
Index 248
Foreword
It gave me great pleasure to welcome the Indian and foreign experts to a
symposium in Mumbai (Bombay) in October 1995, and now to welcome the
publication of the results of their discussions. India has, over the past few years,
been undergoing a process of macroeconomic reform, and opening up to world
markets, a process with profound implications for a city such as Mumbai. The
contributions to the symposium on how cities have managed these changes
elsewhere in the world are thus of particular importance to us in understanding
what is happening and what may happen to the great cities of India, and how we,
the public authorities, ought to react to these changes. In turn, from our
experience in managing this giant city, we may have something to contribute to
the deliberations. Out of this mutual pooling of experience, we can all gain a
much clearer perception of the way forwards.
Mumbai was proud to host this event and is proud to support an initiative that
will be, in part, one of the city’s contributions to the second United Nations
Conference on Human Settlements, the City Summit. The new world economic
order is upon us and it obliges us to learn new lessons about the contribution our
cities can make.
R.T.Kadam
Mayor of Bombay
Preface
This volume records the contributions made, and some of the city case studies
presented, at an international symposium, held in Bombay in October 1995. The
symposium was designed as a contribution to the discussions at the second
United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II or the City
Summit) at Istanbul in June 1996. The symposium was initiated and organized
by the Development Planning Unit (University College London) and Bombay
First, with the active support of the Housing Development Finance Corporation
and the British Council. The Mayor and City Corporation sponsored the
occasion. The organizers of the symposium are very grateful for the financial and
material support making the event possible given by the Overseas Development
Administration, the management of the Leela Kempiniski Hotel and Bombay
First. None of the views expressed in the discussions or the papers can be
construed as representing those of the ODA or any of the other organizations
involved.
Nigel Harris & Ida Fabricius
Development Planning Unit, UCL
For the symposium, the DPU commissioned case studies of the experiences of
the following cities in economies undergoing structural adjustment: Accra,
Barcelona, Birmingham, Bogotá, Dortmund, Glasgow, Johannesburg, Kingston
(Jamaica), Lille, London, Lyons, Milan, Monterrey, Rotterdam, Santiago de
Chile, Sheffield and Turin. Not all case studies were ready in time for the
symposium, and it was not possible to publish all those completed. Those
published here (Chs 6–13) were included either because they adhere most closely
to the original terms of reference or they reflect particular aspects of the diversity
of experience. The range of the studies commissioned is still narrow, excluding
North American cities, those of East Europe or Russia, East and Southeast Asia
and much of Africa.