Chromatography, Sixth Edition: Fundamentals and applications of chromatography and related differential migration methods - Part B: Applications

707 Pages·2004·8.51 MB·English

by  E. Heftmann

JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY — volume 69B
chromatography
6th edition
fundamentals and applications of chromatography and related
differential migration methods
part B: applications
This page is intentionally left blank
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY LIBRARY — volume 69B
chromatography
6th edition
fundamentals and applications of chromatography
and related differential migration methods
part B: applications
edited by
E. Heftmann
2004
Amsterdam–Boston–Heidelberg–London–New York–Oxford–Paris
San Diego–San Francisco–Singapore–Sydney–Tokyo
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VII
CONTENTS
List ofAuthors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI
List ofAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XV
List ofItalic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXI
List ofGreek Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXV
Foreword (S.Hjerte´n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXVII
Preface (E.Heftmann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XLI
13 Inorganic species (P.R.Haddadand K.Robards) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
13.1 Gas chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
13.2 Liquid chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.3 Electroseparation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
14 Chromatography ofamino acids andpeptides (M. Castagnola, S. Lippa,
C. Zuppi, andI. Messana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
14.2 Amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
14.3 Peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
14.4 Microchip technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620
15 Electrophoresisof proteinsand peptides(P.G.Righetti, M.Hamdan,
F. Antonucci, B. Verzolaand Alessandra Bossi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
15.2 Gelelectrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
15.3 Free zone electrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
16 Chromatography ofproteins(A.Jungbauer andC. Machold) . . . . . . . 669
16.1 Proteins: structure and function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
16.2 Microheterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674
VIII
16.3 Therapeutic proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
16.4 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
16.5 Normal-phase liquid chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
16.6 Hydrophobic-interaction andreversed-phaseliquid chromatography 697
16.7 Ion-exchange chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
16.8 Size-exclusion chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
16.9 Proteomics andmulti-dimensional chromatography . . . . . . . . 726
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
17 Lipids(A.Kuksis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
17.2 Preparation oflipid extracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
17.3 Generalconditionsof lipid chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . 748
17.4 Isolation ofindividual lipid classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
17.5 Resolutionof molecular species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
17.6 Total lipid profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
17.7 Chemicaland enzymatic characterization oflipids . . . . . . . . 816
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
18 Carbohydrates (S.C. Churms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
18.2 Liquid chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
18.3 Gas/liquidchromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882
18.4 Planar chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
18.5 Capillaryelectrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893
19 Nucleic Acids and Their Constituents (Y. Baba and L. Zhang) . . . . . . 905
19.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
19.2 Structure ofnucleic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906
19.3 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
19.4 Chromatographic methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912
19.5 Electrophoretic methods inanalyses of nucleic acids
and their constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
19.6 Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
19.7 Prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
20 Drugs(I.D. Wilson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946
20.2 Preparation ofbiological samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
20.3 High-performance liquid chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
20.4 Supercritical-fluidchromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968
20.5 Gas chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
IX
20.6 Thin-layer chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
21 Environmentalanalysis (D. Barcelo´, M. Petrovic, E. Eljarrat,
M.J. Lopez de Alda, andA. Kampioti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988
21.2 Sampling and sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
21.3 Quantitativeanalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004
21.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025
22 Phytochemicalanalysis (G. Stecher andG.K.Bonn) . . . . . . . . . . 1037
22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
22.2 Sample preparation and purification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1038
22.3 Examplesof analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
22.4 Micro-separation systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061
23 Forensic analysis(M.J.Bogusz and A.Carracedo) . . . . . . . . . . . 1073
23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
23.2 Drugsofabuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074
23.3 Therapeutic drugs offorensic relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098
23.4 Chromatographic screening methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1102
23.5 Natural compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1105
23.6 Doping substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1106
23.7 Environmental and occupational toxins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108
23.8 Chemicaland biological warfare agents . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109
23.9 Explosives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1110
23.10 Arson accelerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112
23.11 Inks and otherwriting orprinting media . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
23.12 DNA typing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113
23.13 Concludingremarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1121
24 Computer resources(A.Kraj andJ. Silberring) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
24.2 Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1136
24.3 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1138
24.4 Chromatography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140
24.5 Electrophoresis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1142
24.6 Mass spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1144
24.7 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1145
24.8 Scientific organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B1