Childrens Issues, Laws and Programs Child Nutrition and Health

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CHILDREN'S ISSUES, LAWS AND PROGRAMS

CHILD NUTRITION AND HEALTH

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N D
UTRITION AND IET
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ESEARCH ROGRESS

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CHILDREN'S ISSUES, LAWS AND PROGRAMS

CHILD NUTRITION AND HEALTH

GREGOR CVERCKO
AND
LUKA PREDOVNIK
EDITORS

New York
Copyright © 2013 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Child nutrition and health / [edited by] Gregor Cvercko and Luka Predovnik.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: (cid:28)(cid:26)(cid:27)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:25)(cid:21)(cid:21)(cid:24)(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:28)(cid:27)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:21) (eBook)
1. Children--Nutrition. 2. Children--Health and hygiene. I. Cvercko, Gregor. II. Predovnik, Luka.
RJ206.C513 2013 618.92--dc23
2012035888

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.  New York
Contents

Preface vii
Chapter I Nutrition in Children and Adolescents with Cancer 1
Terezie Tolar Mosby and Ronald D. Barr
Chapter II Calcium Supplementation in Young Children
in Asia: Prevalence, Benefits and Risks 43
Shu Che, Colin Binns and Bruce Maycock
Chapter III Exposure of Slovenian Preschool Children to Preservatives
and Polyphosphates 67
Elizabeta Mičović, Mario Gorenjak,
Gorazd Meško and Avrelija Cencič
Chapter IV The Breakfast Experience in Low Socioeconomic
Families with Overweight Children 89
Simone Pettigrew and Melanie Pescud
Chapter V Early Vitamin D Supplementation,
Immune Modulation and Allergy 107
Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti and Valeria Manfredini
Chapter VI Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity
among Kuwaiti Young Children 121
A. N. Al-Isa, Nadeeja Wijesekara,
Ediriweera Desapriya and Yamesha Ranatunga
Index 137

Preface

In this book, the authors have gathered and present current research in the study of child
nutrition and health from across the globe. Topics discussed include the exposure of
Slovenian preschool children to preservatives and polyphosphates; the breakfast experience in
low socioeconomic families with overweight children; nutrition in children and adolescents
with cancer; calcium supplementation in young children in Asia; early vitamin D
supplementation, immune modulation and allergy; and the factors associated with overweight
and obesity among Kuwaiti young children.
Chapter I - Cancer is the most common cause of disease-related death in children and
adolescents in the United States, and it is becoming a proportionately more common cause of
death among young people in developing countries as well. However, cancer is highly curable
in young people. In high income countries, the survival rate of children and adolescents with
cancer is 80% or higher. However, more than 80% of children live in low and middle income
countries where the survival rate may be as low as 5%. Nutrition plays an important role in
many aspects of cancer development, treatment and long term survival.
Nutritional status at diagnosis has prognostic implications. Well-nourished children have
a better tolerance of intensive cancer therapy, improved chances of survival, and lower
relapse rates. Children and adolescents with cancer are at higher risk for the development of
malnutrition than adults during treatment due to the relatively higher nutritional needs
demanded by their continuous growth and organ development.
Nutritional assessment is important for the prevention, recognition, and early treatment of
malnutrition. Proper assessment of the nutritional status of a patient is necessary for the
determination of appropriate nutritional therapy.
The goals of nutritional therapy for patients undergoing anticancer treatment are to
maintain weight and to achieve age-appropriate growth and weight gain after treatment.
These goals can be achieved by dietary modifications, use of dietary supplements, appetite
stimulants, or nutritional support. Patients undergoing chemotherapy, radiation and
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can experience any or all of the following side effects:
nausea, vomiting, mouth sores, constipation, diarrhea, altered taste, loss of appetite. Any of
these side effects could result in undesirable weight loss, protein energy malnutrition or
cancer cachexia. Food poisoning can occur if a person eats or drinks something that contains
harmful germs. Food consumed by immunocompromised patients should be prepared in a
manner to minimize bacterial growth.
viii Gregor Cvercko and Luka Predovnik
Survivors of cancer in childhood and adolescence are at risk for many long-term adverse
effects of therapy. Lifestyle changes, including dietary modification, may help with the
management of some of those sequelae. The three nutrition-related key areas to reduce cancer
risk are weight, diet, and physical activity.
There are numerous gaps in our knowledge concerning the interaction of nutrition with
cancer in children and adolescents. These include the effects of nutritional interventions on
cancer outcomes and the influence of such interventions on co-morbidities; all providing rich
opportunities for good clinical research.
Chapter II - Calcium is essential for maintaining bone health in infants and young
children. The calcium intakes of weaning infants and children in Asia are relatively low in
comparison to their Western counterparts. This is an increasing concern for Asian parents and
is one reason the Asia Pacific region is becoming a large market for vitamins and dietary
supplements. However, there is a lack of data on the long-term benefits to early calcium
supplementation of healthy infants and young children.
The objective of this chapter is to discuss the appropriate calcium intakes for infants and
young children, the risks and benefits of calcium supplementation and to review the
proportion of children in Asia who are taking calcium supplements. To achieve our objective
a literature review was undertaken of the English language databases PubMed and Web of
Knowledge. Studies were selected that reported outcomes of calcium intake in infants and
young children, as well as systematic reviews of such studies.
Studies were undertaken of children in China and a comparison group of Chinese
children living in Australia to document the use of calcium supplements. The prevalence of
dietary supplementation among children under five years old in China (30.0%) was higher
than in Australia (21.6%). In supplement users in China, 60.3% of them took calcium
supplementation while only a small number in Australia (8%) took calcium supplements. Age
and feeding method of the child (ever breastfed or not) were associated with nutritional
supplementation in Australia, while household income and mother’s educational status were
significantly related to the use of dietary supplements including calcium supplements in
China. More than half of the children took supplemental calcium in the form of calcium
gluconate (51.8%) and the average intake from supplements was 131 mg per day.
There is little evidence to support the general use of calcium supplements in infants who
were exclusively breastfed or formula fed. Evidence from recent studies does not support the
use of calcium supplementation in healthy children as a public health intervention. However,
for weaning infants and children with low calcium intakes, increased intake of calcium-rich
foods should be encouraged. If adequate calcium cannot be achieved through food sources,
supplementation may be an effective alternative. More studies are required in infants and
young children with low calcium intakes, particularly those living in Asian countries or
children of Asian ethnic origin.
Chapter III - The purpose of this chapter is to present exposure of preschool children to
daily consumed food preservatives and polyphosphates: sorbic acid, benzoic acid, nitrate,
nitrite, sulphur dioxide and polyphosphates. For exact exposure of chemicals in food, data of
consumed food intake and concentration of observed chemicals in food are needed.
Methodology: Among the randomly selected regions in Slovenia, we randomly selected
kindergartens and children aged from 2-6 years. The study included 190 children, 98 boys and
92 girls. Anthropometric measurements of children were conducted, so data on the sex, age,
measured weight and height of the children were available. The dietary intake was based on