Chemoresponsive materials : stimulation by chemical and biological signals

556 Pages·2015·25.96 MB·English

by  Hans-Jorg Schneider

Chemoresponsive Materials
Stimulation by Chemical and Biological Signals
RSC Smart Materials
Series Editors:
Professor Hans-Jo¨rg Schneider, Saarland University, Germany
Professor Mohsen Shahinpoor, University of Maine, USA
Titles in this Series:
1: Janus Particle Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Applications
2: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 1
3: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 2
4: Materials Design Inspired by Nature
5:ResponsivePhotonicNanostructures:SmartNanoscaleOpticalMaterials
6: Magnetorheology: Advances and Applications
7: Functional Nanometer-Sized Clusters of Transition Metals: Synthesis,
Properties and Applications
8: Mechanochromic Fluorescent Materials: Phenomena, Materials and
Applications
9: Cell Surface Engineering: Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells
10: Biointerfaces: Where Material Meets Biology
11: Semiconductor Nanowires: From Next-Generation Electronics to
Sustainable Energy
12: Supramolecular Materials for Opto-Electronics
13: Photocured Materials
14: Chemoresponsive Materials: Stimulation by Chemical and Biological
Signals
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Chemoresponsive Materials
Stimulation by Chemical and Biological
Signals
Edited by
Hans-Jo¨rg Schneider
FR Organische Chemie der Universita¨t des Saarlandes,
Saarbru¨cken, Germany
Email: [email protected]
RSCSmartMaterialsNo.14
PrintISBN:978-1-78262-062-4
PDFeISBN:978-1-78262-242-0
ISSN:2046-0066
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2015
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Preface
Life functions depend on chemical communication. It will take decades
before man-made systems can approach the regulation complexity of living
cells.Onlyinrecentyearshavescientistsstartedtodevelopartificialsystems
that mimic biological functions, and can furthermore interact with living
organisms in an intelligent manner. Smart chemical systems that can
respondtoexternalsignalsandcanadopttotheirenvironmentarebasedon
verydifferent,oftensoft,materials.Theseencompassmostfrequentlygelsin
large or nanoscale dimensions in the form of films, brushes, capsules,
vesicles, or membranes. All of these can exhibit swelling or shrinking in
response to external signals. Other smart materials are based on gelators,
whichexhibitsolubilitychangesorasol–gelphasetransitioninresponseto
differentchemicalcomponents.Animportantextensionisparticlessuchas
silicamicrosphereswithpores,whichcanopenorcloseinresponsetotheir
environment.Allthesematerialscanbedesignedtorespondselectivelytoa
chemicalinput,whichcanrangefromchangesofpH,ofredoxconditions,of
light and of specific substances. In this book, the first attempt is made to
illustratethedevelopmentofsmartmaterials,which,unlikethosedescribed
inrelatedmonographs,arenotprimarilyresponsivetophysicalsignalssuch
as electric or magnetic fields, but to the chemical environment.
The possible applications of chemically responsive materials span from
artificialmuscles, actuatorsforprocess control,molecularmachines,tissue
engineering,self-healingsurfaces,electronics,totargeteddrugdelivery.The
largevarietyofdifferentsmartmaterialsandthemanypossibleapplications
would make it difficult to systematically put them together in a single-
authored book. The chapters of the present monograph illustrate, on the
basisofdifferentchemically-stimulatedmaterials,theirgreatpromise.Each
chapterwaswrittenbyexpertsintheirfield;theeditorismostgratefultoall
of them for their indefatigable cooperation, but takes responsibility for
RSCSmartMaterialsNo.14
ChemoresponsiveMaterials:StimulationbyChemicalandBiologicalSignals
EditedbyHans-Jo¨rgSchneider
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2015
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
v
vi Preface
possibleshortcomings.TheindispensablesupportbythestaffoftheRSCis
also gratefully acknowledged. It is hoped that the book will stimulate ex-
periencedandyoungscientiststoexploretheintriguingandvirtuallyendless
possibilities of smart materials for applications in many new technologies,
and particularly in biomedical fields.
Hans-J¨org Schneider
Saarbru¨cken, Germany
Contents
Highlights from Book Chapters xvii
Chapter 1 Overview/Strategies for Chemoresponsive Materials 1
Hans-Jo¨rg Schneider
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic Structures of Chemoresponsive Materials 2
1.3 Electroactive Polymers and Solid State Receptors
with Redox- or pH-activation 3
1.4 Incorporation of Supramolecular Binding Sites/
Molecular Machines 5
1.5 Outlook 7
References 8
Chapter 2 Intelligent, ResponsiveandTheranostic Hydrogel Systems
for Controlled Delivery of Therapeutics 10
Steve R. Marek, Martin L. Gran, Nicholas A. Peppas and
Mary Caldorera-Moore
2.1 Introduction to Hydrogels 10
2.2 Neutral Hydrogels 12
2.3 Ionic Hydrogels 13
2.4 Intelligent, Responsive Delivery of Therapeutics
with Hydrogels 15
2.5 Hydrogels in Insulin Delivery 16
2.6 Externally-controlled Drug Delivery Systems 22
RSCSmartMaterialsNo.14
ChemoresponsiveMaterials:StimulationbyChemicalandBiologicalSignals
EditedbyHans-Jo¨rgSchneider
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2015
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
viii Contents
2.7 Targeted Drug Delivery 25
2.7.1 Chemotherapeutics and Targeted Drug
Delivery 26
2.8 Hydrogel Nanoparticulate Systems 28
2.8.1 Biodegradable Systems 29
2.8.2 Nanogels 30
2.9 Externally-controlled Delivery Using Hydrogels 32
2.10 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 33
List of Abbreviations 35
References 36
Chapter 3 Chemomechanical Gels—Actuators and Sensors 44
Hans-Jo¨rg Schneider
3.1 Introduction and Overview 44
3.2 Mechanisms Involved in Size Changes of
Chemomechanical Hydrogels 45
3.3 Examples of Actuators 49
3.4 pH-Effects on Gel Size Changes 53
3.5 Metal Ion-triggered Size Changes 54
3.6 Gel Size Changes with Organic Solutes 56
3.7 Cooperativity/Logical Gate Functions 57
3.8 Glucose as Effector/Gels as Sensor and
Actuator 58
3.9 Conclusions 62
Acknowledgements 62
References 62
Chapter 4 Chemosensitive Organogels 67
Arnab Dawn, Bappaditya Roy and Seiji Shinkai
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Stimuli-sensitive Organogels in General 68
4.3 Chemical Stimuli-sensitive Organogels 69
4.3.1 Ion-sensitive Organogels 70
4.3.2 Redox-sensitive Organogels 79
4.3.3 Chirality-sensitive Organogels 82
4.3.4 Molecular Guest Sensitive Organogels 87
4.3.5 Multifaceted Chemical Sensitivity and
Extension to Biochemicals 91
4.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 94
Acknowledgements 94
References 94
Contents ix
Chapter 5 Multi-stimuli Responsive Materials 98
Zhenhui Qi and Christoph A. Schalley
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Multi-stimuli Responsive Functional
Materials 99
5.2.1 Dual-responsive Gels based on Dynamic
Covalent Bonds 99
5.2.2 Multi-stimuli Responsive Gels based on
Non-covalent Bonds 103
5.2.3 Multi-stimuli Responsive Gels based on
Biomolecules 108
5.2.4 Multi-stimuli Responsive Surfaces 111
5.2.5 Multi-stimuli Responsive Surfaces with
Gradients: Vectorial Devices 115
5.2.6 Multi-stimuli Responsive Nanocarriers 116
5.3 Emerging Trends: Smart Multi-stimuli Responsive
Materials 121
5.3.1 Logic Signal Processing 122
5.3.2 Towards Emergent Properties: Materials
Responding to Permanently Changing
Environments 126
5.4 Conclusions 129
References 130
Chapter 6 Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted
Drug Delivery 136
Montserrat Colilla and Mar´ıa Vallet-Reg´ı
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Selective Targeting 137
6.2.1 Passive Targeting 137
6.2.2 Active Targeting 140
6.3 Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery 144
6.3.1 pH-Responsive Drug Delivery 144
6.3.2 Enzyme-responsive Drug Delivery 149
6.3.3 Small Molecule-responsive Drug
Delivery 151
6.3.4 Redox-responsive Drug Delivery 154
6.3.5 Multi-stimuli Responsive Drug
Delivery 158
6.4 Future Prospects 159
References 159
x Contents
Chapter 7 Cyclodextrin-based Chemo- and pH-Responsive Polymer
Systems for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications 167
Akira Harada and Akihito Hashidzume
7.1 Introduction 167
7.2 CategoriesofCyclodextrin-basedStimuli-responsive
Polymer Systems 168
7.3 The Mechanism of Stimuli-responsiveness of
Cyclodextrin-based Stimuli-responsive Polymer
Systems 168
7.4 Chemical and pH Stimuli for Cyclodextrin-based
Polymer Systems 169
7.5 Examples of Cyclodextrin-based Chemo- and
pH-ResponsivePolymerSystemsforPharmaceutical
and Biomedical Applications 170
7.5.1 Controlled Release 170
7.5.2 Change in Aggregation Behavior 182
7.5.3 Gel-to-Sol and/or Sol-to-Gel Transition 189
7.5.4 Macroscopic Self-assembly 197
7.5.5 Self-healing Materials 200
7.6 Concluding Remarks 202
Abbreviations 202
References 203
Chapter 8 Polysaccharide-based Smart Materials 208
Yuan Xiong, Xue Qu, Changsheng Liu, William E. Bentley,
Xiao-Wen Shi and Gregory F. Payne
8.1 Introduction: Historical Perspective of
Polysaccharides 208
8.2 Why Polysaccharides? General Advantages 210
8.3 Common Features that Make Polysaccharides
‘‘Smart’’ 210
8.3.1 Stimuli-responsive Self-assembly 211
8.3.2 Bio-specific Interactions 212
8.3.3 Nanoscale and Hierarchical Supramolecular
Assembly 214
8.4 Limitations and Challenges with Polysaccharides 216
8.5 Chemical Modification of Polysaccharides 217
8.6 Relevant Interaction Mechanisms for
Polysaccharides 218
8.6.1 General Interactions: Solvent and
Electrostatic 218