Chemoreceptors and Chemoreceptor Reflexes

400 Pages·1990·12.21 MB·English

by  S. Fidone

CHEMORECEPTORS
and
CHEMORECEPTOR
REFLEXES
CHEMORECEPTORS
and
CHEMORECEPTOR
REFLEXES
Edited by
Helmut Acker
Max-Planck-Institut fOr Systemphysiologie
Dortmund, Federal Republic of Germany
Andrzej Trzebski
Medical Academy
Warsaw, Poland
and
Ronan G. O'Regan
University College
Dublin, Ireland
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
L1brary of Congress Ca~alog1ng-1n-PUbl1ca~1on Da~.
Cheeoreeeptors and cheeoreceptor reflexes I edlted by Heleut Acker,
Andrzej Trzebskl, and Ronan G. O'Regan.
p. ce.
Papers presented In Harsaw, July 6-7, 1989, at the Meeting of the
International Soelety of Arterial Cheeoreeeption (I.S.A.C.),
organlzed as a satellite sy.poslue of the 31st International
Congress of the Union of Physlologleal Selences (I.U.P.S.) held In
Helslnkl In July 1989.
Ineludes blbliographieal referenees.
Ineludes index.
ISBN 978-1-4684-8940-8 ISBN 978-1-4684-8938-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-8938-5
1. Chemoreeeptors--Congresses. 2. Resplratlon--Regulatlon
-Congresses. 3. Carotid body--Congresses. 4. Arterles-
-Innervatlon--Congresses. I. Acker, H. (Helmut), 1939-
11. Trzebskl, A. 111. O'Regan, R. G. (Ronan G.) IV. International
Soelety of Arterial Cheeoreeeption. Meeting (1989 : Harsa., Poland)
V. International Congress of Physiologleal Seienees (31s~ : 1989 :
Helsinkl, Finland)
[DNLM: 1. Carotld Body--physlology--eongresses.
2. Cheeoreeeptors--physiology--eongresses. HL 102.9 C5173 19891
QP455.C54 1990
599'.012--de20
DNLM/DLC
for Llbrary of Congress 90-7230
CIP
Proceedings of papers presented in Warsaw, Poland, July 6-7, 1989, on the meeting of the
International Society of Arterial Chemoreception (ISAC) organized as a satellite
symposium of the Thirty-first International Congress of the Union of Physiological
Sciences (IUPS) held in Helsinki, Finland in July 1989
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
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233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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PREFACE
This volume records the papers presented in Warsaw on the meeting of
the International Society of Arterial Chemoreception (LS.A.C.) organized
as a Satellite Symposium of the XXXI International Congress of the Union
of Physiological Sciences (I.U.P.S.) in Helsinki in July 1989.
It is a 30 years old tradition to hold periodically international
meetings on recent developments in chemoreceptor research and to exchange
information between those of us interested in chemoreception. The first
meeting was organized by B. B. Lloyd in Oxford in 1959. Later on, similar
international meetings were held at irregular intervals. In 1966, R. W.
Torrance organized the second meeting again in Oxford. In 1973, the third
meeting was organized in Bristol (U.K.) by M. J. Purves. In 1974, a fourth
meeting combined with the XXVI I.U.P.S. Congress in Delhi was organized by
A. S. Paintal in Srinagar (Kashmir, India). In 1976, H. Acker organized
the fifth meeting in Dortmund (F.R.G.), and in 1979, C. Belmonte in Valla
dolid (Spain) organized the sixth international meeting commemorating the
50th anniversary of Fernando de Castro publishing his classical work on the
structure and possible function of the carotid body. In 1982, the seventh
meeting was due to D. J. Pallot in Leicester (U.K.), in 1985 - the eighth
one due to A. J. Ribeiro in Oeiras (Portugal) and in 1988 - the ninth one
due to C. Eyzaguirre and S. Fidone in Park City (Utah, U.S.A.). The present
meeting has been the 10th one. It is also a second meeting organized under
the auspices of I.S.A.C., a new formal platform to interchange information,
to maintain personal contacts, and to follow a schedule of regular scienti
fic meetings.
Participants of the present meeting, the 10th one and somehow a jubilee
meeting, had a reason to commemorate the past by realizing that three decades
have passed since the first pioneering symposium in Oxford. Looking into
proceedings of previous meetings, whole organizers devoted their efforts in
publishing the papers, is helpful to appreciate a progress achieved in
chemoreceptors research over the last 30 years. Modern technique of refined
cellular electrophysiology such as membrane single channel analysis, immuno
cytochemistry for identification of putative transmitters and neuromodulatory
peptides and hybridization for studying their genes expression have opened
new avenues in the search for chemoreception. New methods generated by new
concepts feed-back positively as they fertilize soil of experimental facts
for fluorishing new ideas and breakthroughs needed to elucidate the mystery
of oxygen sensors and arterial chemoreception. These new experimental
approaches were evaluated by awarding F. de Castro - C. Heymans - E. Neil
prestigious prizes to young scientists contributing to the present meeting:
M. F. Czyzyk-Krzeska (Poland), W. Kummer (F.R.G.), and C. Peers (U.K.).
The F. de Castro - C. Heymans - E. Neil awards were granted by I.S.A.C. in
Warsaw for the first time. From now on they become a tradition of all
future I.S.A.C. meetings.
v
CONTENTS
1. MOLECULAR AND IONIC MECHANISMS OF CHEMORECEPTION AND
CHEMOTRANSDUCTION
Transmitter Dynamics in the Carotid Body •• •.•• 3
S. Fidone, C. Gonzalez, B. Dinger, and L. Stensaas
Does an Inward-Rectifying K Channel Regulate
Type-I Cell Response to Hypoxia? 15
M.A. Delpiano and J. Hescheler
Selective Effect of Reduced Extracellular pH
on Potassium Channels in Type-I Cells from
the Neonatal Rat Carotid Body •• • • • . 21
C. Peers
Calcium Channel Activation and Neural Output
during Hypoxic Chemotransduction in the
Carotid Body • • • • • • • • • • • • . • 29
M. Shirahata and R.S. Fitzgerald
Involvement of Na+:H+ and Na+:Ca++ Antiporters in the
Chemotransduction of Acidic Stimuli • • • • 35
A. Rocher, A. Obeso, B. Herreros, and C. Gonzalez
The Action of Carbon Dioxide in Central
and Peripheral Chemoreceptors 43
R.W. TOrrance
Respiratory Responses to Common Carotid Occlusion in the Rat:
Evidence for Involvement of Adenosine •••• 49
E.C. Monteiro and J.A. Ribeiro
Participation of cAMP in Low p02 Chemotransduction
in the Carot id Body • • • • • • • • • 57
T. P~rez-Garcra, L. Almarez, and C. Gonzalez
Lectin Histochemistry on Carotid Body Tissue
in Normoxic and Long-Term Hypoxic Rats 67
S. HellstrOm, J.-M. Pequignot, and M. Hellstrom
vii
2. ARTERIAL CHEMORECEPTORS -
BIOCHEMISTRY AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
Phosphorescence and Fluorescence Imaging:
New Tools for the Study of Carotid Body Function 73
W.L. Rumsey, R. Iturriaga, D.F. Wilson,
S. Lahiri, and D. Spergel
Erythropoietin-Associated Antigen in the
Human Carotid Body • • • • • • • • • • • 81
M.H. Blessing, E. Dumitrescu, and D. v. Kortzfleisch
Efferent Innervation of the Carotid Body and
Carotid Sinus in the Guinea Pig • • • • 85
W. Kummer
The Catecholamine Metabolism in Rat Carotid Body:
Is there Any Efferent Regulation during
Long Term Hypercapnia? • . • • • • . • • • 91
J.M. Pequignot, S. HellstrOm, and M. HellstrOm
Are Chemoreceptor Neurons Dopaminergic? 95
W. Kummer
Biochemical Analysis of Neutral Endopeptidase Activity
of the Cat Carotid Body • • • • • • • • • • 99
G.K. Kumar, N.S. Cherniack, and N.R. Prabhakar
Analysis of Chemoreceptor Responses to Tachykinins
in Rats. Cats. and Rabbits .•.•.. 103
N.R. Prabhakar, M. Runold, N.S. Cherniak,
and G.K. Kumar
Influence of Hypercapnia on Rabbit Intrapulmonary
Neuroepithelial Bodies:
Microfluorimetrical and Morphometrical Study 107
A. Tierens, M. Decramer, and J. Lauweryns
Neuroepithelial Bodies in the Lungs of
Bombina Orientalis lBoul.) • 111
L. Goniakowska-Witali6ska, J.M. Lauweryns,
and L. Van Ranst
Messenger RNAs for Neuropeptides in Primary Sensory
Neurons of the Petrosal Ganglion in Rat 119
M.F. Czyzyk-Krzeska, K.B. Seroogy, D.A. Bayliss,
and D.E. Millhorn
Role of EDHF, PGI2' and Norepinephrine in Hypoxic
Vasorelaxation and Vasoconstriction • • • • 127
G. Siegel, J. Grote, F. Schnalke, and A. Adler
3. ARTERIAL CHEHORECEPTORS IN
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Oxygen Supply in the Fetal and Newborn
Lamb Carotid Body • • • • • • • •• • • • 141
H. Acker, B. BOlling, F. Degner, and J. Hilsmann
viii
The Cardiovascular Response to
Systemic Hypoxia in the Cat:
The Role of the Renin-Angiotensin System. • • • • • • • • •• 147
J.M. Marshall and J.D. Metcalfe
Effects of Hypoxia in Developing Swine • • • • • • • • • • 155
P.M. Gootman, N. Gootman, B.J. Buckley, B.J. Peterson,
A.M. Steele, A.L. Sica, and M.R. Gandhi
The Effect of Prolonged Stimulation on
Afferent Activity of the Goat Carotid Body • • • • 165
G.E. Bisgard, M.J. Engwall, N. weizhen, A.M. Nielsen,
and E.H. Vidruk
Effect of Deep Peroneal Nerve Stimulation
on the Carotid Chemoreceptor
Afferent Discharges in Rabbits • • • 171
Q.F. Su and G. Cheng
Different Methods of Analysis to Study Oscillations of
Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptor Discharges
in the Anaesthetized Cat • • • • • • • • • • 177
A.W. Przybyszewski, R.G. O'Regan, A. Bradford,
J. Keans, and S. Majcherczyk
Peripheral Chemoreflex Control of
Sympathetic Nerve Activity. 185
W.-X. Huang, S. Lahiri, C. Di Giulio, A. Mokashi,
A.K. Sherpa, and Q. He
Responses of Sympatho-Adrebal Medullary System to
Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in Anesthetized
Artificially Ventilated Rats • • • • • • 193
D. Biesold, M. Kurosawa, A. Sato, and A. Trzebski
4. ARTERIAL CHEMORECEPTORS -
REFLEX MECHANISMS IN EXERCISE AND HYPOXIA
Respiratory Modulation of Cardiovascular Responses
to stimulation of Carotid Chemoreceptors
and Other Receptors •• • • • • • • • • •• 201
M. de Burgh Daly
Nonlinearities and Chaos-Like Control of Respiration
during Square Wave Pulse Train Hypoxic Stimulation
of the Carotid Body Chemoreceptors • • • • • • • • 209
R.E. Dutton, P.J. Feustel, P.K. Ghatak, D.G. Davies,
and E.J. Smith
Chemoreceptor Control of Organ Vascular Resistance
during Acute Systemic Hypoxia • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 217
R.S. Fitzgerald and G.A. Dehghani
Electromyogram of the Transversus Abdominis Expiratory Muscle
during Chronic Hypoxia in Awake Ponies • • • • • • • • • 223
H.V. FOrster, A.G. Brice, T.F. Lowry, D.R. Brown,
L.G. Pan, A.L. Forster, and M.A. Forster
ix
Breathing Pattern Characteristics and Survival Time
during Severe Hypoxia in Cats •• • • • • • • • • • •• 231
R. Tkacova and Z. Tomori
C02 Chemoreflex in Spinal Man •••••.•••••• 237
M. Pokorski, P.-E. Paulev, T. Morikawa, A. Masuda,
S. Takaishi, B. Ahn, and Y. Honda
Transient ventilatory Responses
to Carbon Dioxide Inhalation
and to Exercise in Man • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 243
P.-E. Paulev, M.J. Mussell, Y. Miyamoto, Y. Nakazono,
M. Pokorski, and T. Sugawara
possible Involvement of Peripheral Chemoreceptor Mechanism
in Bradycardia Observed during Breath Holding
with Supramaximal Exercise • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 249
Y. Honda, B. Ahn, Y. Nishibayashi, S. Okita,
A. Masuda, S. Takaishi, and P.-E. Paulev
Importance of Arterial Chemoreceptors for
Cardiorespiratory Responses to
Static Exercise in Man ••• • 255
M. Pokorski, A. Masuda, P.-E. Paulev, Y. Sakakibara,
B. Ahn, S. Takaishi, and Y. Honda
5. ALMITRINE AND ARTERIAL CHEMOREFLEXES
Ultrastructure of Type-I Cell Mitochondria
in the Rat Carotid Body Following Chronic
Oral Administration of Almitrine Bismesylate 263
M. Kennedy, H. Lane, R.G. O'Regan, and Y. Evrard
Carotid Chemosensory Stimulation by Sulfhydryls
and Almitrine is not Mediated by Tissue Hypoxia 271
S. Lahiri, D.G. Buerk, W.-X. Huang, A. Mokashi,
and C. Di Giulio
The Dopamine Turnover in Rat carotid Body under Chronic
A~trine Treatment: Effects of Sinus Nerve
Transection and Sympathectomy • • • • • • • • • • 277
J.M. Pequignot, Y. Dalmaz, Y. Evrard, and L. Peyrin
Attenuation of Chemoexcitation Induced
by Almitrine Bismesylate
in Anaesthetized Cats • • • • • • 281
D.S. McQueen, D.B. Campbell, B.H. Gordon,
and Y. Evrard
Action of Almitrine on the
Laryngeal Passage in Cats • • •• •••• • • 289
M. Szereda-Przestaszewska, J. Jakus, and A. Stransky
Does the Stimulation of Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors
in Humans by Almitrine Bismesylate Inhibit
Proximal Tubular Reabsorption? • • • • • • • • • 293
C. Ledderhos, R. Sanchez, W. Quies, and R. Schuster
x
6. CENTRAL NEURONAL ORGANIZATION
OF ARTERIAL CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEXES
Autoradiographic Studies on the Effects
of Chronic Unilateral Sectioning
of a Carotid Sinus Nerve on 5-HT and SP
Binding Sites in the Carotid Body and NTS 305
M.R. Dashwood, D.S. McQueen, M. de Burgh Daly,
K.M. Spyer, and Y. Evrard
Medullary Respiratory Neurons with
Projections to the Ventral Surface
of the Medulla in the Guinea Pig • 311
M. Glogowska, P.-E. Paulev, and M. Pokorski
The Central Nervous Organization of the
Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Reflex ••••• 317
K.M. Spyer, P.N. Izzo, R.J. Lin, J.F.R. Paton,
L.F. Silva Carvalho, and D.W. Richter
"Gating" of Peripheral Chemoreceptor Input to
Medullary Inspiratory Neurons:
Role of Botzinger Complex Neurons 323
J. Lipski and M.D. Voss
The Role of Glutamate in the Transmission
of the Hypoxic Input to Respiration through
the Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius • • • • 331
S. Brew, D. de Castro, G.D. Housley, and J.D. Sinclair
Restoration of Chemoreflexes after
Unilateral Carotid Deafferentation 339
P. Zapata, C. Larrain, and J. Eugenin
A Study of the Effects of Airway Carbon Dioxide (PawC02)
on Superior Laryngeal Nerve Afferents
Using an Isolated, Artificially Ventilated
Closed Laryngeal Preparation in the Anaesthetized Cat. • • •• 347
A. Bradford, C. Bannon, P. Nolan, and R.G. O'Regan
7. ARTERIAL CHEMOREFLEXES IN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
The Carotid Bodies of the Lyon Hypertensive Rats 357
J.-O. Habeck, J.-M. Pequignot, M. Vincent,
J. Sassard, and C. Huckstorf
The Increased Catecholamine Content
in the Carotid Bodies of
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats •• • • 363
J. przybylski, P. Janicki, and A. Trzebski
The Aortic and Carotid Bodies
of Chronically Hypoxic
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) 369
J.-O. Habeck, C. Huckstorf, and R. Behm
xi