Table Of ContentCopyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
NINTh EdITION
Chemistry for Today
General, Organic,
and Biochemistry
Spencer L. Seager
University of South Dakota
Weber State University
Michael R. Slabaugh
University of South Dakota
Weber State University
Maren S. hansen
West High School, Salt Lake City, UT
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
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Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, © 2018, 2014, Cengage Learning
and Biochemistry, Ninth Edition
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To our grandchildren:
Nate and Braden Barlow, Megan and Bradley Seager, and Andrew Gardner
Alexander, Annie, Charlie, Christian, Elyse, Foster, Megan, and Mia Slabaugh, Addison, Hadyn, and Wyatt Hansen
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
About the Authors
Spencer L. Seager
Spencer L. Seager retired from Weber State University in 2013 after serving for 52 years
as a chemistry department faculty member. He served as department chairman from
1969 until 1993. He taught general and physical chemistry at the university. He was also
active in projects designed to help improve chemistry and other science education in
local elementary schools. He received his B.S. in chemistry and Ph.D. in physical chem-
istry from the University of Utah. He currently serves as an adjunct professor at Weber
State and the University of South Dakota where he teaches online courses in general
chemistry, elementary organic chemistry, and elementary biochemistry.
Michael R. Slabaugh
Michael R. Slabaugh is an adjunct professor at the University of South Dakota and at
Weber State University, where he teaches the yearlong sequence of general chemistry,
organic chemistry, and biochemistry. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Pur-
due University and his Ph.D. degree in organic chemistry from Iowa State University.
His interest in plant alkaloids led to a year of postdoctoral study in biochemistry at
Texas A&M University. His current professional interests are chemistry education and
community involvement in science activities, particularly the State Science and Engi-
neering Fair in Utah. He also enjoys the company of family, hiking in the mountains,
and fishing the local streams.
Maren S. Hansen
Maren S. Hansen is a science teacher at West High School, where she teaches honors
biology. She has also taught AP biology and biology in the International Baccalaure-
ate Program. She received her B.A. and master of education degrees from Weber State
University. Her professional interests have focused upon helping students participate in
Science Olympiad and Science Fair. Other interests include adventure travel, mountain
hiking, gardening, and the company of friends and family. She hopes to share her love of
science with her two children.
iv About the Authors
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 13
Matter, Measurements, Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 424
and Calculations 2
Chapter 14
Chapter 2 Aldehydes and Ketones 458
Atoms and Molecules 46
Chapter 15
Chapter 3 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 488
Electronic Structure and the
Chapter 16
Periodic Law 72
Amines and Amides 516
Chapter 4
Chapter 17
Forces between Particles 100
Carbohydrates 548
Chapter 5
Chapter 18
Chemical Reactions 144
Lipids 582
Chapter 6
Chapter 19
The States of Matter 174
Proteins 610
Chapter 7
Chapter 20
Solutions and Colloids 210
Enzymes 642
Chapter 8
Chapter 21
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 250
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 668
Chapter 9
Chapter 22
Acids, Bases, and Salts 276
Nutrition and Energy for Life 702
Chapter 10 Chapter 23
Radioactivity and Nuclear Processes 322 Carbohydrate Metabolism 732
Chapter 11 Chapter 24
Organic Compounds: Alkanes 352 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism 760
Chapter 12 Chapter 25
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 390 Body Fluids 788
Brief Contents v
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Contents
Chapter 1 2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights 57
2.6 Avogadro’s Number: The Mole 58
Matter, Measurements,
2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas 63
and Calculations 2
Concept Summary 65
1.1 What Is Matter? 4 Key Terms and Concepts 66
1.2 Properties and Changes 5 Exercises 66
1.3 A Model of Matter 7 Additional Exercises 69
1.4 Classifying Matter 10 Chemistry for Thought 69
1.5 Measurement Units 13 Allied Health Exam Connection 70
Case Study 46
1.6 The Metric System 14
Chemistry Around us 2.1 Chemical Elements
1.7 Large and Small Numbers 19
in the Human Body 49
1.8 Significant Figures 22
Chemistry Around us 2.2 Looking at Atoms 51
1.9 Using Units in Calculations 27
ASk A phARMACIST 2.1 Uprooting Herbal Myths 54
1.10 Calculating Percentages 29
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 2.1
1.11 Density 30 Take Care of Your Bones 55
Concept Summary 35 STudy SkILLS 2.1 Help with Mole Calculations 64
Key Terms and Concepts 36 Case Study Follow-up 65
Key Equations 36
Chapter 3
Exercises 37
Additional Exercises 43 Electronic Structure and the
Chemistry for Thought 43 periodic Law 72
Allied Health Exam Connection 44
3.1 The Periodic Law and Table 73
Case Study 2
Chemistry Around us 1.1 A Central Science 5 3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms 75
Chemistry Around us 1.2 Are Chemicals Getting 3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical
a Bad Rap? 6 Properties 78
Chemistry Around us 1.3 Effects of Temperature 3.4 Electronic Configurations 80
on Body Function 19 3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table 84
STudy SkILLS 1.1 Help with Calculations 30
3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 1.1 Choose Table 89
Wisely for Health Information 32
Concept Summary 94
ASk AN ExpERT 1.1 Does food density matter when
Key Terms and Concepts 95
you’re trying to lose weight? 34
Exercises 95
Case Study Follow-up 35
Additional Exercises 97
Chemistry for Thought 97
Chapter 2
Allied Health Exam Connection 98
Atoms and Molecules 46
Case Study 72
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 3.1 Watch the
2.1 Symbols and Formulas 47
Salt 76
2.2 Inside the Atom 50
Chemistry Around us 3.1 A Solar
2.3 Isotopes 52 Future 83
2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules 53 STudy SkILLS 3.1 The Convention Hotels Analogy 87
vi Contents
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Chemistry Around us 3.2 Transition and 5.8 Energy and Reactions 157
Inner-Transition Elements in Your Smart Phone 89 5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations 158
Case Study Follow-up 94
5.10 The Limiting Reactant 161
5.11 Reaction Yields 163
Chapter 4
Concept Summary 165
Forces between particles 100 Key Terms and Concepts 165
Key Equations 166
4.1 Noble Gas Configurations 101
Exercises 166
4.2 Ionic Bonding 103
Additional Exercises 170
4.3 Ionic Compounds 105
Chemistry for Thought 170
4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 108
Allied Health Exam Connection 171
4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds 110
Case Study 144
4.6 Covalent Bonding 111
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 5.1 Add Color
4.7 Polyatomic Ions 116 to Your Diet 156
4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 118 Chemistry Around us 5.1 Teeth
4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules 122 Whitening 159
4.10 More about Naming Compounds 126 Chemistry Around us 5.2 Electric Cars 162
STudy SkILLS 5.1 Help with Oxidation Numbers 163
4.11 Other Interparticle Forces 129
Case Study Follow-up 164
Concept Summary 134
Key Terms and Concepts 135
Chapter 6
Exercises 136
Additional Exercises 140 The States of Matter 174
Chemistry for Thought 140
6.1 Observed Properties of Matter 176
Allied Health Exam Connection 141
6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 178
Case Study 100
6.3 The Solid State 179
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 4.1 Consider
the Mediterranean Diet 107 6.4 The Liquid State 180
Chemistry Around us 4.1 Water: One of Earth’s 6.5 The Gaseous State 180
Special Compounds 113 6.6 The Gas Laws 181
ASk A phARMACIST 4.1 Are All Iron Preparations 6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume
Created Equal? 123 Relationships 184
STudy SkILLS 4.1 Help with Polar and Nonpolar 6.8 The Ideal Gas Law 189
Molecules 127
6.9 Dalton’s Law 191
Chemistry Around us 4.2 Ozone: Good up High,
6.10 Graham’s Law 192
Bad Nearby 131
6.11 Changes in State 192
Case Study Follow-up 134
6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 193
Chapter 5 6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point 195
6.14 Sublimation and Melting 196
Chemical Reactions 144
6.15 Energy and the States of Matter 197
5.1 Chemical Equations 145 Concept Summary 202
5.2 Types of Reactions 147 Key Terms and Concepts 203
5.3 Redox Reactions 148 Key Equations 203
5.4 Decomposition Reactions 151 Exercises 203
5.5 Combination Reactions 152 Additional Exercises 207
5.6 Replacement Reactions 153 Chemistry for Thought 207
5.7 Ionic Equations 155 Allied Health Exam Connection 207
Contents vii
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Case Study 174 8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates 258
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 6.1 Get an 8.6 Chemical Equilibrium 260
Accurate Blood Pressure Reading 184
8.7 The Position of Equilibrium 262
ASk A phARMACIST 6.1 Zinc for Colds? 188
8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium
Chemistry Around us 6.1 Air Travel 195 Position 264
Chemistry Around us 6.2 Therapeutic Uses
Concept Summary 267
of Oxygen Gas 198
Key Terms and Concepts 268
STudy SkILLS 6.1 Which Gas Law to Use 200
Key Equations 268
Case Study Follow-up 201
Exercises 268
Additional Exercises 273
Chapter 7
Chemistry for Thought 273
Solutions and Colloids 210 Allied Health Exam Connection 273
Case Study 250
7.1 Physical States of Solutions 211
ASk A phARMACIST 8.1 Energy for Sale 255
7.2 Solubility 212
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 8.1 Use Your
7.3 The Solution Process 216
Phone to Help You Stay Healthy 261
7.4 Solution Concentrations 220
Chemistry Around us 8.1 Why “Cold” Does Not
7.5 Solution Preparation 224 Exist 265
7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 227 STudy SkILLS 8.1 Le Châtelier’s Principle in Everyday
Life 267
7.7 Solution Properties 229
Case Study Follow-up 267
7.8 Colloids 235
7.9 Dialysis 238
Concept Summary 241 Chapter 9
Key Terms and Concepts 241
Acids, Bases, and Salts 276
Key Equations 242
Exercises 242 9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 277
Additional Exercises 247 9.2 The Brønsted Theory 278
Chemistry for Thought 247 9.3 Naming Acids 279
Allied Health Exam Connection 247 9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water 281
Case Study 210 9.5 The pH Concept 283
Chemistry tips for Living WeLL 7.1 Stay 9.6 Properties of Acids 286
Hydrated 222 9.7 Properties of Bases 290
STudy SkILLS 7.1 Getting Started with Molarity
9.8 Salts 291
Calculations 234
9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases 294
Chemistry Around us 7.1 Health Drinks 237
9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 300
Chemistry Around us 7.2 CO Emissions: A
2 9.11 Titration Calculations 302
Blanket around the Earth 239
Case Study Follow-up 240 9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts 304
9.13 Buffers 305
Chapter 8 Concept Summary 310
Key Terms and Concepts 311
Reaction Rates and Equilibrium 250
Key Equations 311
8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous Exercises 311
Processes 251 Additional Exercises 318
8.2 Reaction Rates 253 Chemistry for Thought 318
8.3 Molecular Collisions 254 Allied Health Exam Connection 319
8.4 Energy Diagrams 257 Case Study 276
viii Contents
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