Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia

66 Pages·2017·1.66 MB·English

This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
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Chemistry and Physics
for Nurse Anesthesia
© Springer Publishing Company
This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
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David Shubert, PhD, is a dean in the College of Arts and Sciences at Newman University, Wichita,
Kansas, where until recently he designed and cotaught the combined chemistry–physics for nurse
anesthesia course with Dr. Leyba. He was inducted into the national Achievement Rewards
for College Scientists (ARCS) Foundation prior to joining Newman University in 1987.
Although his area of expertise lies in organometallic chemistry, Dr. Shubert has taught intro-
ductory, general, organic, analytical, and instrumental analytical chemistry, as well as bio-
chemistry, earth and space science, general physical science, and c hemistry/physics for nurse
anesthesia. In 1995, Dr. Shubert was honored by his students and peers with the Teaching
Excellence Award. He has worked as a chemical consultant with several local industries, includ-
ing Vulcan Chemicals and BG Products. Working with colleagues from five independent col-
leges, and with financial support from the National Science Foundation, the Camille and Henry
Dreyfus Foundation, and the A. V. Davis Foundation, Dr. Shubert has offered numerous work-
shops that provided training and access to modern instrumentation to high school chemistry teach-
ers. Most recently, he was recognized by the Wichita Business Journal in 2014 as a Healthcare
Hero. His research interests have evolved from organometallic chemistry to chemical education.
John Leyba, PhD, is a professor of chemistry and head of the Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of North Georgia, Dahlonega, Georgia. Previously, he was a faculty mem-
ber at Newman University for 12 years, where he served as the chair of the Division of Science and
Mathematics and where he cotaught the combined chemistry–physics for nurse anesthesia course
with Dr. Shubert. Dr. Leyba has extensive industrial experience in the Department of Energy
Complex. He was senior scientist, senior scientist A, and principal scientist with Westinghouse
Savannah River Company. In addition, he was the radiochemistry group leader for Rust Federal
Services Clemson Technical Center in Anderson, South Carolina. He was also a visiting assistant
professor in the Chemistry Department and adjunct assistant professor in the Department of
Environmental Engineering and Science at Clemson University. Dr. Leyba was also the Denver
Area director of operations for Canberra Industries. His research interests involve the rapid
chemical separation and detection of radioactive materials. Dr. Leyba has won several teaching
awards including the Newman University 2005 Teaching Excellence Award and two Outstanding
Didactic Instructor Awards from the Newman University Nurse Anesthesia Program.
Sharon Niemann, DNAP, CRNA, is director of the Nurse Anesthesia Program, Newman University,
Wichita, Kansas (since 2004). She has practiced as a certified registered nurse anesthetist since 1995
and has been employed as a cardiovascular nurse anesthetist with Anesthesia Consulting Service
(Wichita) since certifying. She is a retired captain in the U.S. Army Reserve, having served overseas
in spring 2001. Dr. Niemann serves on the Steering Committee, Mid-Continent Regional Center
for Health Care Simulation and is a member of numerous professional organizations including
the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) and the Kansas Association of Nurse
Anesthetists (KANA), where she has held numerous offices, including president and treasurer, and
currently is the program chair. She was also an item writer for the Council on Certification of
Nurse Anesthetists (2006–2009) and a member of Sigma Theta Tau International. Dr. Niemann
has presented widely for KANA and other state and local organizations on topics such as conscious
sedation, anesthesia for total joint replacement, and anesthesia for cardiovascular procedures. She
teaches a variety of courses in the Newman University Nurse Anesthesia Program and is principal
investigator and clinical advisor for multiple senior nurse anesthesia thesis projects. She received
her Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice degree at Texas Wesleyan University in 2016.
© Springer Publishing Company
This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
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Chemistry and Physics
for Nurse Anesthesia
A Student-Centered Approach
Third Edition
David Shubert, PhD
John Leyba, PhD
Sharon Niemann, DNAP, CRNA
© Springer Publishing Company
This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
VISIT THIS BOOK’S WEB PAGE BUY NOW REQUEST AN EXAM OR REVIEW COPY
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Shubert, David, author. | Leyba, John, author. | Niemann, Sharon, author.
Title: Chemistry and physics for nurse anesthesia : a student-centered approach / David Shubert, John Leyba,
Sharon Niemann.
Description: Third edition. | New York, NY : Springer Publishing Company,
LLC, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016047394| ISBN 9780826107824 | ISBN 9780826104021
(instructors test bank) | ISBN 9780826107831 (e-book) | ISBN 9780826104045
(instructors PowerPoints)
Subjects: | MESH: Chemical Phenomena | Anesthetics—chemistry | Nurse
Anesthetists | Physical Phenomena | Nurses’ Instruction
Classification: LCC RT69 | NLM QD 31.3 | DDC 617.9/60231—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016047394
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© Springer Publishing Company
This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
VISIT THIS BOOK’S WEB PAGE BUY NOW REQUEST AN EXAM OR REVIEW COPY
Contents
Videos ix
Foreword G. Michael Caughlin, MD xi
Preface xiii
Share Chemistry and Physics for Nurse Anesthesia: A Student-Centered Approach,
Third Edition
1. Measurement 1
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 1
A Review of Some Basic Mathematical Skills 1
Measurements and Signifi cant Figures 12
Signifi cant Figures in Calculations 14
Accuracy and Precision 15
SI (Metric System) 16
Absolute Zero and the Kelvin Scale 17
Conversion Factors 18
Density 21
Density and Specifi c Gravity 22
Summary 23
Review Questions for Measurement 25
2. A Review of Some Chemistry Basics 31
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 31
What Is Chemistry? 31
Atomic Structure and Dimension 34
Dalton’s Atomic Theory 37
The Periodic Table of the Elements 38
Some Common Elements 46
Chemical Nomenclature 49
Electrolytes 55
Stoichiometry 56
Summary 57
Review Questions for Chemistry Basics 59
Note: The video icons link to http://www.springerpub.com/shubert-3rd-edition, where corre-
sponding videos can be found.
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This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
VISIT THIS BOOK’S WEB PAGE BUY NOW REQUEST AN EXAM OR REVIEW COPY
3. Basics of Physics Part 1 (Force and Pressure) 65
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 65
Newton’s Laws 66
Mass 66
Velocity 66
Acceleration 69
Force 72
Pressure 74
Atmospheric Pressure 77
Measuring Pressure 78
Oscillometry 82
Summary 83
Review Questions for Physics (Part 1) 85
4. Basics of Physics Part 2 (Work, Energy, and Power) 89
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 89
Work 90
State Functions 95
Energy 97
Thermodynamics 100
Specific Heat 104
Power 105
Summary 107
Review Questions for Physics (Part 2) 109
5. Fluids 113
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 113
Fluids: A Definition 114
Hydrostatics 114
Hydrodynamics: Moving Fluids 122
Viscosity 131
Summary 134
Review Questions for Fluids 135
6. The Gas Laws 137
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 137
The Empirical Gas Laws 137
The Ideal Gas Law 144
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 146
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 150
Graham’s Law of Effusion 152
Ideal Gases and Real Gases 153
Summary 155
Review Questions for Gases 158
7. States of Matter and Changes of State 165
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 165
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 165
Chemical Bonding and the Octet Rule 167
Energy Changes and Changes of State 196
Summary 201
Review Questions for States of Matter and Changes of State 205
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This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
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8. Solutions and Their Behavior 211
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 211
Some Basic Terminology 212
Solution Concentrations 212
Solubility 218
Energy Changes and the Solution Process 220
Factors Affecting Solubility 222
Colligative Properties of Solutions 224
Colloids 230
Summary 231
Review Questions for Solutions 234
9. Acids, Bases, and Buffers 241
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 241
Chemical Equilibria 242
Acids and Bases 246
Acid–Base Reactions 254
Measuring Acidity: The pH Function 255
Calculating the pH of Solutions 259
Other Acidic Species 269
Buffers 270
Summary 276
Review Questions for Acids and Bases 281
10. Electricity and Electrical Safety 289
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 289
Electricity and Electrical Charge 290
Ohm’s Law and Electrical Circuits 294
Semiconductors 302
Spectroscopy 304
Summary 315
Review Questions for Electricity 318
11. Classes of Organic Compounds 319
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 319
Functional Groups 319
Hydrocarbon Functional Groups 320
Alkenes 325
Organohalogen Compounds 329
Functional Groups Based on Water 330
Amines 334
Carbonyl Functional Groups 336
Summary 347
Review Question for Organic Compounds 349
12. Biochemistry 351
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 351
Biomolecules 351
Carbohydrates 352
Fischer Projections 353
Lipids 365
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A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
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Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Fatty Acids 370
Proteins and Amino Acids 375
Nucleic Acids 386
Summary 398
Review Questions for Biochemistry 401
13. Radiation and Radioactivity 405
Why This Matters: A Nurse Anesthetist’s View 405
Radiation 406
Electromagnetic Radiation 407
Radioactive Materials—An Introduction 409
Radioactivity 411
Radioactive Decay 411
Decay Rate 416
Half-Life 417
Ionizing Radiation Versus Nonionizing Radiation 418
Sources of Radioactive Materials 419
Radiation Exposure 420
Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biological Systems 422
Medical Uses of Radionuclides (Nuclear Medicine) 423
Working With Radioactive Materials 425
Summary 427
Review Questions for Radiation and Radioactivity 430
14. Problem-Solving Skills and Answers to Review Questions 431
Using Your Calculator 431
Unit Conversions and the Use of Conversion Factors 432
A Simple Problem-Solving Methodology 435
Step-by-Step Solutions to End-of-Chapter Problems 439
Comprehensive List of Equations 537
Formulas and Constants 557
Glossary 559
Supplemental References 577
Index 581
© Springer Publishing Company
This is a sample from CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS FOR NURSE ANESTHESIA:
A STUDENT-CENTERED APPROACH, THIRD EDITION
VISIT THIS BOOK’S WEB PAGE BUY NOW REQUEST AN EXAM OR REVIEW COPY
Videos
1.1 Density and Specifi c Gravity 22
2.1 Conductivity and Electrolytes 55
3.1 Pressure in a Syringe 75
5.1 Equation of Continuity 123
5.2 Poiseuille’s Law 133
6.1 The Volume–Pressure Relationship: Boyle’s Law 138
6.2 The Volume–Temperature Relationship: Charles’s Law 139
6.3 Effusion, Diffusion, and Graham’s Law 152
7.1 VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory 173
7.2 Surfactants and Surface Tension 187
9.1 pH 255
10.1 Pulse Oximetry 305
10.2 Electrical Safety 307
12.1 Levels of Protein Structure 383
12.2 Denaturing a Protein 386
Note: Videos can be found at http://www.springerpub.com/shubert-3rd-edition. This link can
also be found as a footnote on those pages in text where the video icon appears.
© Springer Publishing Company