Chemistry and Biology of Water, Air and Soil: Environmental Aspects

879 Pages·1993·39.95 MB·English

by  J. Tölgyessy (Eds.)

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY
OF WATER, AIR AND SOIL
Environmental Aspects
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Studies in Environmental Science 53
CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY
OF WATER, AIR AND SOIL
Environmental Aspects
Edited by
J. TOLGYESSY
Department of Environmental Science,
Faculty of Chemical Technology,
Slovak Technical University, Czechoslovakia
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam-London-New York-Tokyo 1993
Scientific Editor
Prof. Ing. Jozef Martoii, CSc.
Published in co-edition with
VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava
Distribution of this book is being handled by the following publishers
for the East European countries, China, Cuba, Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam
Veda, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences
Klemensova 19
814 30 Bratislava, Czechoslovakia
for all remaining areas
Elsevier Science Publishers
25 Sara Burgerhartstraat
P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tolgyessy, Juraj
[Chkmia, biol6gia a toxikol6gia vody a ovzduiia. English]
Chemistry and biology of water, air, and soil : environmental
aspects / edited by J. Tolgyessy.
p. cm. -- (Studies in environmental science : 53)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-444-98798-3
1. Water chemistry. 2. Air--Analysis. 3. Soils--Analysis.
I. Title. 11. Series.
GB855.T6413 1993
628’ .01’54--dc20 92-30190
CIP
ISBN 0-444-98798-3 (Elsevier)
ISBN 80-224-0246-X (Veda)
@ Juraj Tolgyessy, 1993
Translation @J. DoboSovi and M. Rakovit
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy-
ing, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
Printed in Czechoslovakia
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53 Chemistry and Biology of Water, Air and Soil edited by J. T6lgyessy
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 .INT RODUCTION (J . Tolgyessy) ........................ 1
Chapter 2 .WA TER, AIR AND SOIL .FUN DAMENTAL SOURCES
OF THE BIOSPHERE (J . Tolgyessy) ................... , 3
2.1 Biosphere ...................................................... 3
2.1.1 Sources of the biosphere ..................................... 6
2.1.2 Biogeochemical cycles ....................................... 7
2.1.3 Effect of man on biogeochemical cycles ........................ 8
2.2 Air ............................................................ 9
2.3 Water ......................................................... 10
2.4 Soil ........................................................... 11
References ......................................................... 13
Chapter 3 .TH E CHEMISTRY OF WATER (J . Tolgyessy, P . Pitter.
M . Piatrik. J . Prousek) ................................. 14
3.1 Composition and structure of pure water (J . Tolgyessy) .............. 14
References ...................................... ................... 19
3.2 Physical properties of water and aqueous solutions (J . Tolgyessy) ..... 19
3.2.1 Changes of state of water - the triple point ................... 19
3.2.2 Density and viscosity ....................................... 22
3.2.3 Surface tension ............................................. 22
3.2.4 Hydrogen ion and pH value .................................. 24
3.2.5 pE values in water .......................................... 26
..............................................
3.2.6 Conductivity 26
3.2.7 Aqueous solutions .......................................... 28
..................
3.2.7.1 Solubility of solid substances in water 28
3.2.7.2 Solubility of liquids in water ........................... 30
............................
3.2.7.3 Solubility of gases in water 31
3.2.7.4 Expression of quantitative composition of aqueous solutions 32
3.2.8 The sensory properties of natural waters ...................... 32
........................................
3.2.8.1 Temperature 33
vii
3.2.8.2 Taste ............................................... 33
3.2.8.3 Odour ....................................... 34
3.2.8.4 Colour .............................................. 35
3.2.8.5 Turbidity ......................... ............... 36
References ............................................ 36
3.3 Chemical reactions and equilibria in waters (J . Prousek) ............. 36
3.3.1 Kinetic and thermodynamic notes ............................ 36
3.3.2 Chemical reactions in waters .......................... ... 40
3.3.2.1 Hydrolytic reactions .................................. 40
3.3.2.1.1 Hydrolytic reactions of inorganic esters ......... 40
3.3.2.1.2 Hydrolytic reactions of organic acid derivatives . . 43
3.3.2.2 Decomposition reactions of organometallic compounds .... 45
3.3.2.3 Induced reactions .............................. .. 46
3.3.2.4 Oxidation reactions of polymers ....................... 47
3.3.3 Numerical and graphical solutions of chemical equilibria ... 50
3.3.3.1 Numerical methods .................................. 50
3.3.3.2 Graphical methods ............ ........ 50
3.3.3.2.1 Non-logarithmic distribu .......... 51
3.3.3.2.2 Logarithmic distribution diagrams .......... 53
3.3.3.2.3 Logarithmic solubility diagrams ................ 54
3.3.3.2.4 Predominance area diagrams .... 55
3.3.4 Protolytic equilibria ........................................ 56
3.3.5 Complex-forming equilibria .................... 58
3.3.6 Precipitation and dissolution equilibria ........................ 60
3.3.7 Oxidation-reduction equilibria ........... ................. 61
References ......................................................... 65
3.4 Chemical composition of water (P. Pitter, J . Prousek) ............... 66
3.4.1 Inorganic substances in water (P. Pitter) ...................... 66
3.4.1.1 Sodium and potassium ............................... 68
3.4.1.2 Lithium, rubidium and caesium ........................ 68
3.4.1.3 Calcium and magnesium .......... ................ 69
3.4.1.4 Strontium and barium ................................ 71
3.4.1.5 Aluminium .......................................... 72
3.4.1.6Iron ................................................ 74
3.4.1.7 Manganese ....... .............. 77
3.4.1.8 Copper ............................................. 79
3.4.1.9 Silver ............................................... 80
3.4.1.10 Zinc ............................................... 80
3.4.1.1 1 Cadmium .......................................... 80
3.4.1.12 Mercury ........................................... 81
3.4.1.13 Lead ................................ 82
3.4.1.14 Arsenic ............................................ 82
3.4.1.15 Selenium ........................................... 83
3.4.1.16 Chromium ......................................... 83
...
Vlll
3.4.1.17 Other metals ....................................... 83
3.4.1.18 Fluorine and chlorine ................................ 84
3.4.1.19 Bromine and iodine ................................. 87
3.4.1.20 Sulphur compounds ................................. 87
3.4.1.21 Phosporus compounds ............................... 89
3.4.1.22 Nitrogen compounds ................................ 91
3.4.1.23 Silicon compounds .................................. 96
3.4.1.24 Boron compounds ................................... 97
3.4.1.25 Oxygen (elementary) ................................ 98
3.4.1.26 Nitrogen (elementary) ............................... 99
3.4.1.27 Methane and aliphatic hydrocarbons .................. 99
3.4.1.28 Carbon dioxide and its ionic forms . Carbonate equilibrium .
Aggressive carbon dioxide ............................ 100
3.4.1.29 The pH value, buffering and neutralization capacity of water 105
3.4.1.30 Radioactive substances .............................. 109
3.4.2 Organic substances in waters (J . Prousek) ..................... 110
3.4.2.1 Phenols and phenolic compounds ...................... 111
3.4.2.1.1 Simple plant phenols ......................... 112
3.4.2.1.2 Plant tanning materials ....................... 113
3.4.2.1.3 Lignins ..................................... 116
3.4.2.1.4 Phenols of artificial origin ..................... 117
3.4.2.2 Humic substances .................................... 120
3.4.2.2.1 Humic acids ................................. 121
3.4.2.2.2 Fulvic acids ................................. 124
3.4.2.2.3 Hymatomelanic acids ......................... 124
3.4.2.2.4 Humins and humus coal ....................... 125
3.4.2.2.5 Occurrence of humic substances in waters ....... 125
3.4.2.3 Pesticides ........................................... 126
3.4.2.4 Carcinogenic compounds .............................. 139
3.4.2.5 Tensides and detergents ............................... 144
3.4.2.6 Petroleum components ................................ 148
References ......................................................... 149
3.5 Natural waters (J . Tolgyessy) ..................................... 153
3.5.1 Precipitation (atmospheric) water ............................ 157
3.5.2 Surface water .............................................. 161
3.5.3 Sub-surface water .......................................... 170
3.5.3.1 Soil water ........................................... 171
3.5.3.2 Groundwater ........................................ 171
.........................
3.5.3.2.1 Normal groundwaters 172
3.5.3.2.2 Mineral waters ............................... 178
References ......................................................... 181
3.6 Drinking water (M . Piatrik) ...................................... 182
3.6.1 Drinking water quality standards ............................. 183
............
3.6.2 Indicators of faecal contamination of drinking water 189
ix