Chemical ecology in aquatic systems

317 Pages·2012·3.11 MB·English

by  Brönmark

Chemical Ecology in Aquatic Systems
This page intentionally left blank
Chemical Ecology in
Aquatic Systems
EDITED BY
C hrister B rönmark
Lund University, Sweden
and
Lars-Anders Hansson
Lund University , Sweden
1
1

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide in
Oxford New York
Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi
Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi
New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto
With offi ces in
Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece
Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore
South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam
Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press
in the UK and in certain other countries
Published in the United States
by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
© Oxford University Press 2012
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
Database right Oxford University Press (maker)
First published 2012
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above
You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011945452
Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
ISBN 978–0–19–958309–6 (Hbk.)
978–0–19–958310–2 (Pbk.)
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Contents
List of contributors xii
Chemical ecology in aquatic systems—an introduction xiv
Christer Brönmark and Lars-Anders Hansson
1 Aquatic odour dispersal fi elds: opportunities and limits of detection,
communication, and navigation 1
Jelle Atema
1.1 Odour dispersal: where are the molecules? 3
1.1.1 A question of scale 3
1.1.2 Odour plumes 4
1.1.3 Near-source coincidence 7
1.1.4 Boundary layers 7
1.2 Signal detection: accessing odour 8
1.2.1 Detection threshold 8
1.2.2 Signal-to-noise ratios 8
1.2.3 Intermittency: a patch in space is a pulse in time 8
1.2.4 Aquatic noses 11
1.3 Odour information currents 12
1.4 Navigation in odour fi elds 13
1.4.1 Odour-fl ow coincidence would signal the close proximity of the source 14
1.5 Conclusion 15
References 16
2 Information conveyed by chemical cues 19
Eric von Elert
2.1 Habitat and food fi nding 19
2.2 Induced defences in primary producers and bacteria 23
2.3 Induced defences in animal prey 25
2.3.1 Morphological changes 25
2.3.2 Life history and behavioural changes 26
2.4 Alarm cues in invertebrates 27
2.5 Alarm cues in vertebrates 28
2.6 Pheromones and quorum sensing 29
2.7 Dispersal and settlement cues 32
vi CONTENTS
2.8 Pheromones 32
2.9 Conclusions 33
References 34
3 Pheromones mediating sex and dominance in aquatic animals 39
Thomas Breithaupt and Jörg D. Hardege
3.1 What is a pheromone? 39
3.2 Production, transmission, and reception 40
3.3 Sex pheromones in fi sh—spying males and the evolution of chemical communication 41
3.3.1 The time course of reproductive behaviour in cyprinid fi sh 42
3.3.2 Exceptions from hormonal pheromone communication systems 44
3.4 Sex pheromones in crustaceans—indicators of female receptivity and triggers
of mate guarding 45
3.5 Pheromones mediating dominance interactions 47
3.6 Pheromones mediating spawning without courtship—A renicola marina 48
3.7 Pheromones mediating broadcast spawning 49
3.8 Future perspectives and applications of pheromone research 51
References 53
4 Chemical signals and kin biased behaviour 57
Gabriele Gerlach and Cornelia Hinz
4.1 Living with relatives 57
4.1.1 Kin selection 57
4.1.2 Kin recognition 58
4.1.3 Evidence for kin recognition and kin associations in the aquatic
environment 58
4.2 Chemical components involved in kin recognition 64
4.2.1 The role of MHC-molecules in the immune system 64
4.2.2 Infl uence of MHC-genotype on social interactions 64
4.2.3 MHC and social interactions in amphibians and fi sh 65
4.3 Concluding remarks 66
References 66
5 The use of chemical cues in habitat recognition and settlement 72
Gabriele Gerlach and Jelle Atema
5.1 Olfactory driven choice of settlement habitat in invertebrates 73
5.2 Habitat recognition in coral reef fi sh 75
5.2.1 Imprinting 78
5.2.2 Climate change and pollution impair habitat recognition 78
5.3 Concluding remarks 79
References 79
6 Migration and navigation 82
Ole B. Stabell
6.1 Introduction 82
6.2 Bottom-dwelling animals 82
6.2.1 Invertebrate homing to specifi c sites after foraging 82
6.2.2 Trail making and trail detection in benthic invertebrates 84
6.2.3 Mechanisms of chemosensory trail detection in molluscs 85
CONTENTS vii
6.3 Free-swimming animals 85
6.3.1 Stationary behaviour and site fi delity 86
6.3.2 Substrate marking by fi sh 86
6.3.3 Feeding migration and homing for reproduction 88
6.3.4 Homing theories 89
6.3.5 Chemical cues involved in site marking and site detection 90
6.3.6 Long distance homing and navigation 91
6.4 Concluding remarks 92
References 93
7 Death from downstream: chemosensory navigation and predator–prey processes 96
Marc Weissburg
7.1 Plumes—a very brief review 96
7.2 Navigational strategies 99
7.3 Ecological consequences 103
7.4 Chemosensory guidance at different scales 106
7.5 Concluding remarks 107
References 108
8 The taste of predation and the defences of prey 111
Linda Weiss , Christian Laforsch , and Ralph Tollrian
8.1 Predation drives evolution of prey 111
8.1.1 Modes of predator detection 111
8.1.2 Chemical cues as indicators of general and acute predation threat 113
8.1.3 Predator-induced defences 114
8.1.4 Multi-predator environments 115
8.2 D aphnia as a model organism for studies of the ecology and evolution
of phenotypic plasticity 116
8.2.1 Inducible defences in D aphnia 116
8.2.2 Mechanisms of kairomone perception and information
processing in D aphnia 118
8.2.3 Receptors and integration of chemical cues 119
8.2.4 Neuronal signalling 120
8.2.5 Cellular components 121
8.2.6 Developmental time frames 122
8.3 Synopsis and future directions 123
References 123
9 The evolution of alarm substances and disturbance cues in aquatic animals 127
Douglas P. Chivers , Grant E. Brown , and Maud C.O. Ferrari
9.1 Alarm substances 127
9.1.1 The taxonomic distribution of alarm substances 127
9.1.2 The conservation of alarm substances 128
9.2 The chemistry of alarm substances 129
9.3 The ecology of alarm substances 130
9.4 The evolution of alarm substances 132
9.4.1 Predation-centred hypotheses 133
9.4.2 Immune system-centred hypotheses for the evolution of alarm substances 134
9.4.3 Multiple selection pressures? 135
viii CONTENTS
9.5 Disturbance cues 135
9.5.1 The taxonomic distribution of disturbance cues 135
9.5.2 The chemistry of disturbance cues 136
9.5.3 Evolution of disturbance signals 136
9.6 Next steps 136
References 137
10 Scaling up infochemicals: ecological consequences of chemosensory
assessment of predation risk 140
Andrew M. Turner and Scott D. Peacor
10.1 From trait response to community level effects: an overview
of the process 141
10.2 Population-level processes 142
10.2.1 Predator effect on prey growth rate through induced
changes in foraging 142
10.2.2 Predator effect on within-population variation
in growth and size 144
10.2.3 Predator effect on prey life history 144
10.2.4 Demographic consequences of trait shifts 144
10.3 Community- and ecosystem-level effects of infochemicals
in aquatic systems 145
10.3.1 Trophic cascades 146
10.3.2 Interspecifi c competition 146
10.3.3 Effects of multiple predators: facilitation and inhibition 147
10.3.4 Linked trait modifi cations 147
10.3.5 Nutrient translocation 148
10.3.6 Ecological effi ciency across productivity gradients 149
10.3.7 Theoretical implications 149
10.4 Scaling up the effects of infochemicals 150
10.4.1 Does sensory mode affect species’ interactions? 150
10.4.2 Predator diet 151
10.4.3 Predator identity 151
10.4.4 Chemical cues as an experimental tool 152
10.4.5 Environmental constraints on sensory perception 152
10.5 Conclusion 154
References 154
11 Neuroecology of predator–prey interactions 158
Charles D. Derby and Richard K. Zimmer
11.1 Natural histories and trophic ecologies of spiny lobsters and blue crabs 159
11.2 Chemical attraction mediating search for live, intact prey 161
11.3 Chemical attraction mediating search for a ‘free lunch’—fresh carrion 162
11.4 Chemical stimulation and suppression of feeding 163
11.5 Chemical defences and their effect on ingestion 165
11.6 Neural mechanisms underlying the detection and recognition of feeding
stimulants and deterrents 167
11.7 Conclusions and future directions 168
References 169
CONTENTS ix
12 Why is the jack of all trades a master of none? Studying the evolution
of inducible defences in aquatic systems 172
Ulrich K. Steiner and Josh R. Auld
12.1 Extrinsic factors and the evolution of inducible defences 174
12.1.1 Environmental fl uctuation 174
12.1.2 Environmental cues 175
12.1.3 Evolutionary arms race: inducible defences and inducible offences 177
12.2 Internal factors and the evolution of inducible defences 177
12.2.1 Reversibility and time lag of induced defence 177
12.2.2 Benefi ts and costs of induced defence 178
12.2.3 Adaptive and passive induced defence 178
12.2.4 Multiple benefi ts and antagonistic induced defence 179
12.2.5 Cost of plasticity and evolutionary time limits 179
12.3 Genetic variation in and genetic basis of induced defences 180
12.4 Conclusions 181
References 181
13 How to explore the sometimes unusual chemistry of aquatic defence chemicals 184
Geo rg Pohnert
13.1 The role of primary metabolites in chemical defence 185
13.1.1 Natural product symbiosis 186
13.2 General chemical properties and biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites 188
13.2.1 Structure elucidation 189
13.2.2 Determination of ecologically relevant concentrations and localization
of defence metabolites 190
13.3 Conclusions 192
References 193
14 Allelochemical interactions among aquatic primary producers 196
Elisabeth M. Gross , Catherine Legrand , Karin Rengefors , and Urban Tillmann
14.1 The quagmires of allelopathy—what defi nes allelopathic interactions? 196
14.2 Out and gone—what is an effi cient way to distribute allelochemicals? 197
14.3 Exploitative versus interference competition 199
14.4 Evolution of allelopathy 200
14.4.1 Benefi ts and costs of bioactivity against primary producers 200
14.4.2 Does allelopathy benefi t single cells or the many individuals in a
genetically diverse population? 202
14.4.3 Coevolution of donor and target—an arms race? 203
14.5 Are aquatic systems different from terrestrial habitats? 204
14.6 Will disentangling the molecular mechanisms solve the riddles of allelopathy? 205
14.7 Conclusions 207
References 207
15 Chemical defences against herbivores 210
Henrik Pavia , Finn Baumgartner , Gunnar Cervin , Swantje Enge , Julia Kubanek ,
Göran M. Nylund , Erik Selander , J. Robin Svensson , and Gunilla B. Toth
15.1 Theories of chemical defences 212
15.2 Cost of chemical defence 215