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Sudan Academy of Sciences, SAS
Atomic Energy Council
Chemical Constituents of Selected
Sudanese Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants
By
Badr Omer Burham
B.Sc. (Chemistry, 1984), University of Khartoum
A Thesis submitted to the Sudan Academy of science in
fulfillment of the Requirements for Master Degree in
Chemistry
Supervisor Dr. Rifaat Kabbashi Hassona
Co-Supervisor Dr. Hatil Hashim EIKamali
November 2007
Chemical Constituents of Selected Sudanese
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
By
Badr Omer Burham
Examination Committee
Name Title Signature
Dr. Ali H. Ali Chair / External Examiner
Dr. Awatif A. Elegiami Enternal Examiner
Dr. Rifaat K. Hassona Major Supervisor
Date 22 .1. 2008
Declaration
I hereby declare that this thesis is a product of my own original work
and it has not been submitted to any University or Institute for
award of any degree.
Signature: Pri^^JCTT. .^U^rrrrrTAvJi^L
Date: 5..-...S.?..&e°T..
I
Acknowledgement
lam greatly indepted to my supervisor, Dr. Rifaat Kabbashi Hassona,
for his generous and thoughtful guidance as well as his unlimited
support.
I would also like to thank my co-supervisor, Associate Professor, Dr.
Hatil Hashim ElKamali, who has done pioneering work in this field, for
his sustained interest, assistance, and continous encouragement from the
sampling stage till the end of the work.
Thanks are also extended for all who encourage and assist me in
this work.
Finally I would like to express my warm gratitudes to my wife Iqbal
for her utmost patience throughout the course of the study.
II
Abstract
Sudanese medicinal and aromatic plants {Altemcmthra repens, Ambrosia
maritima, Citrus paradisi, Croton zambesicus, Lepidinm sativum, Morettia phillaena,
Nauclea latifolia, Plectranthus barbatus, Pluchea dioscorides, and Sphaeranthus
suaveolens) were analyzed for their chemical composition, mineral contents and
secondary constituents.
The concentration of Manganese, Copper, Iron, Nickel, Lead, Zinc and
Potassium in plant samples was performed using X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry.
The trace elements found in the smallest amount of the investigated plant species are
lead, nickel and copper, while high concentration was detected for potassium, iron
and manganese. Mn was accumulated with high level in Alternanthra repens
species. Potassium was abundant in S. suaveolens and Ambrosia maritima.
The values of concentrations obtained for all studied elements were compared
with published values of reference material, trace elements in Hay (Powder) by
International Atomic Energy Agency.
Phytochemical analysis of investigated plants was performed for constituents:
Flavonoids, saponins , tannins , alkaloids, amino acids and sugars. The methanolic
extracts of P.barbatus , C.paradisi ,A.repens, N. latifolia , L. sativum and C.
zambesicus are found to contain alkaloids.
Results of TLC analysis were shown as Rf values for saponins, bitter principles,
essential oils, flavonoids and alkaloids.
Quantification of flavonoids and tannins showed that flavonoid content was highest in
case of Alternanthera repens and Sphaeranthus suavertens , whereas the highest
tannin content was in case of Nauclea latifolia and Sphaeranthus suaveolens.
The results suggest that the user of traditional Sudanese crude drugs should be
warned of the potential danger of heavy metal poisoning because their concentrations
seem to be higher than the maximum values allowed by health agencies in several
countries.
Ill
This study has provided some biochemical basis for the ethnomedical use of
extracts from different candidate plant species in the treatment and prevention of
diseases. As rich source of phytochemicals and minerals these plants can be a
potential source of useful drugs, and also used as bioindicators to follow changes in
an environmental pollution.
IV
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VI
Table of Contents
Content Page
Declaration I
Acknowledgement II
Abstract (English) III
Abstract (Arabic) IV
Table of contents VI
List of Tables IX
Chapter One: Introduction and Literature Review 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Literature Review 3
1.2.1 Elemental Constituents 3
1.2.1.1 Preamble 3
1.2.1.2 Elements 3
1.2.1.2 A Manganese 3
B Iron 3
C Zinc 4
D Copper 4
E Nickel 4
F Lead 4
VII
G Potassium
1.2.2 Phytochemical Constituents
1.2.2.1 Phenols
1.2.2.2 Flavonoids
1.2.2.3 Tannins
1.2.2.4 Anthraquinone glycosides
1.2.2.5 Saponins
1.2.2.6 Alkaloids
1.2.3 Technique used in the Element Analysis (X-ray Fluorescence)
A. Disadvantages of X-Ray Spectrometry
B. Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
1.2.4 Plant of the present study
1.2.4.1 Alternanthera repens
1.2.4.2 Ambrosia maritima
1.2.4.3 Citrus paradisi
\2AA Croton zambesicus
1.2.4.5 Lepidium sativum
1.2.4.6 Morettia phihaeana
\2A.1 Nauclea latifolia
1.2.4.8 Plectranthus barbatus
1.2.4.9 Pluchea dioscorides
1.2.4.10 Sphaeranthus suaveolens
VIII
Description:Phenols are important constituents of some medicinal plants and in the food industry they are utilized as colouring agents, flavouring , aromatizers and.
