Chemical Biomarkers in Aquatic Ecosystems

417 Pages·2010·2.74 MB·English

December28,2010 Time: 10:31am fm.tex
Chemical Biomarkers
in Aquatic Ecosystems
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Chemical Biomarkers
in Aquatic Ecosystems
THOMAS S. BIANCHI AND ELIZABETH A. CANUEL
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON AND OXFORD
iii
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Copyright(cid:1)c 2011byPrincetonUniversityPress
PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,
Princeton,NewJersey08540
IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,6OxfordStreet,
Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201TW
press.princeton.edu
AllRightsReserved
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Bianchi,ThomasS.
Chemicalbiomarkersinaquaticecosystems/ThomasS.BianchiandElizabethA.Canuel.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-691-13414-7(cloth:alk.paper)
1.Aquaticecology. 2.Biochemicalmarkers. I.Canuel,ElizabethA.,1959– II.Title.
QH541.5.W3B532011
577.6—dc22 2010029921
BritishLibraryCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable
ThisbookhasbeencomposedinSabonandDinPro
Printedonacid-freepaper.∞
TypesetbySRNovaPvtLtd,Bangalore,India
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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We dedicate this book to our spouses, Jo Ann Bianchi and Emmett Duffy, and our children,
Christopher Bianchi and Conor Duffy, for their unending support and patience, without which
wecouldneverhavecompletedthisbook.
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Several current characteristics of organic geochemical research serve to limit advances
towardadeeperunderstandingofglobalbiogeochemicalcycles.Forthemostpart,these
problems are shared by all organic geochemists (author included), but are not unique to
our guild. The first of these is that geochemical research is decidedly provincial. That is,
functionally similar processes occurring in weathering rocks, soils, lakes, rivers and the
ocean tend to be studied by different types of geochemists with dissimilar backgrounds,
terminologies and methodologies. This geographic specialization has limited the scope
of both our fieldwork and insight, and has resulted in lost research and interpretive
opportunities....Atpresent,thereisinsufficientinformationtoobtainuniquesolutionsat
theglobalscale,evenforbulkcarbon.Themainconstraintisthatmeaningfulrateconstants
forinsitudegradationwithinkeyenvironmentarenotknown.
—JohnI.Hedges,1992
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Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xix
1. MetabolicSynthesis 1
2. ChemicalBiomarkerApplicationstoEcologyandPaleoecology 19
3. StableIsotopesandRadiocarbon 30
4. AnalyticalChemicalMethodsandInstrumentation 49
5. Carbohydrates:NeutralandMinorSugars 79
6. Proteins:AminoAcidsandAmines 98
7. NucleicAcidsandMolecularTools 127
8. Lipids:FattyAcids 144
9. IsoprenoidLipids:Steroids,Hopanoids,andTriterpenoids 169
10. Lipids:Hydrocarbons 185
11. Lipids:Alkenones,PolarLipids,andEtherLipids 207
12. PhotosyntheticPigments:Chlorophylls,Carotenoids,andPhycobilins 221
13. Lignins,Cutins,andSuberins 248
14. AnthropogenicMarkers 267
AppendixI.AtomicWeightsofElements 287
AppendixII.UsefulSIUnitsandConversionFactors 291
AppendixIII.PhysicalandChemicalConstants 293
Glossary 295
Bibliography 309
Index 385