Table Of ContentFM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:43 PM Page iii
CHEMICAL AND
PROCESS DESIGN
HANDBOOK
James G. Speight
MCGRAW-HILL
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul
Singapore Sydney Toronto
FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page iv
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Speight, J. G.
Chemical and process design handbook / James Speight.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-137433-7 (acid-free paper)
1. Chemical processes. I. Title.
TP155.7 .S63 2002
660′.2812—dc21 2001052555
McGraw-Hill
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
JamesG. Speight is the author/editor/compiler of more than 20 books and bibliographies
related to fossil fuel processing and environmental issues. As a result of his work, Dr. Speight
was awarded the Diploma of Honor, National Petroleum Engineering Society, for Out-
standing Contributions in the Petroleum Industry in 1995 and the Gold Medal of Russian
Academy of Natural Sciences for Outstanding Work. He was also awarded the Degree of
Doctor of Science from the Russian Petroleum Research Institute in St. Petersburg.
FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page xiii
PREFACE
Chemicals are part of our everyday lives. The hundreds of chemicals that
are manufactured by industrial processes influence what we do and how
we do it. This book offers descriptions and process details of the most pop-
ular of those chemicals. The manufacture of chemicals involves many
facets of chemistry and engineering which are exhaustively treated in a
whole series of encyclopedic works, but it is not always simple to rapidly
grasp present status of knowledge from these sources. Thus, there is a
growing demand for a text that contains concise descriptions of the most
important chemical conversions and processes of industrial operations.
This text will, therefore, emphasize the broad principles of systems of
chemicals manufacture rather than intimate and encyclopedic details that
are often difficult to understand. As such, the book will allow the reader to
appreciate the chemistry and engineering aspects of important precursors
and intermediates as well as to follow the development of manufacturing
processes to current state-of-the-art processing.
This book emphasizes chemical conversions, which may be defined as
chemical reactions applied to industrial processing. The basic chemistry
will be set forth along with easy-to-understand descriptions, since the
nature of the chemical reaction will be emphasized in order to assist in
the understanding of reactor type and design. An outline is presented
of the production of a range of chemicals from starting materials into
useful products. These chemical products are used both as consumer
goods and as intermediates for further chemical and physical modifica-
tion to yield consumer products.
Since the basis of chemical-conversion classification is a chemical one,
emphasis is placed on the important industrial chemical reactions and
chemical processesin Part 1 of this book. These chapters focus on the var-
ious chemical reactions and the type of equipment that might be used in
such processes. The contents of this part are in alphabetical order by reac-
tion name.
Part 2 presents the reactions and processes by which individual chemicals,
or chemical types, are manufactured and is subdivided by alphabetical listing
xiii
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xiv PREFACE
of the various chemicals. Each item shows the chemical reaction by which
that particular chemical can be manufactured. Equations are kept simple
so that they can be understood by people in the many scientific and engineer-
ing disciplines involved in the chemical manufacturing industry. Indeed, it is
hoped that the chemistry is sufficiently simple that nontechnical readers can
understand the equations.
The design of equipment can often be simplified by the generalizations
arising from a like chemical-conversion arrangement rather than by con-
sidering each reaction as unique.
Extensive use of flowchartsis made as a means of illustrating the various
processes and to show the main reactors and the paths of the feedstocks
and products. However, no effort is made to include all of the valves and
ancillary equipment that might appear in a true industrial setting. Thus, the
flowcharts used here have been reduced to maximum simplicity and are
designed to show principles rather than details.
Although all chemical manufacturers should be familiar with the current
selling prices of the principal chemicals with which they are concerned,
providing price information is not a purpose of this book. Prices per unit
weight or volume are subject to immediate changes and can be very mis-
leading. For such information, the reader is urged to consult the many
sources that deal with the prices of chemical raw materials and products.
In the preparation of this work, the following sources have been used to
provide valuable information:
AIChE Journal(AIChE J.)
Canadian Journal of Chemistry
Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
Chemical and Engineering News(Chem. Eng. News)
ChemTech
Chemical Week(Chem. Week)
Chemical Engineering Progress(Chem. Eng. Prog.)
Chemical Processing Handbook, J. J. McKetta (ed.), Marcel Dekker,
New York.
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed., It. E. Kirk, and D. F.
Othmer(eds.) Wiley-Interscience, New York
Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th ed., R. H. Perry and D. W. Green
(eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York.
Chemical Processing
FM_Speight_HB1 11/8/01 3:44 PM Page xv
PREFACE xv
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Chemical Rubber Co.
Hydrocarbon Processing
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry(Ind. Eng. Chem.)
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals(Ind. Eng. Chem.
Fundamentals)
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development
(Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev.)
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Devel-
opment(Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev.)
International Chemical Engineering
Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data(J. Chem. Eng. Data)
Journal of the Chemical Society
Journal of the American Chemical Society
Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 12th ed., J. A. Dean (ed.). McGraw-Hill,
New York
Oil & Gas Journal
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th ed., McGraw-
Hill, New York
Riegel's Industrial Chemistry, 7th ed., J. A. Kent (ed.), Reinhold,
New York
Finally, I am indebted to my colleagues in many different countries who
have continued to engage me in lively discussions and who have offered
many thought-provoking comments about industrial processes. Such con-
tacts were of great assistance in the writing of this book and have been
helpful in formulating its contents.
James G. Speight
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CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Part 1 Reaction Types
Alkylation / 1.3
Amination / 1.6
Condensation and Addition / 1.12
Dehydration / 1.13
Dehydrogenation / 1.14
Esterfication / 1.16
Ethynylation / 1.17
Fermentation / 1.18
Friedel-Crafts Reactions / 1.19
Halogenation / 1.21
Hydration and Hydrolysis / 1.24
Hydroformylation / 1.27
Hydrogenation / 1.29
Nitration / 1.32
Oxidation / 1.36
Oxo Reaction / 1.40
Polymerization / 1.41
Sulfonation / 1.43
Vinylation / 1.46
Part 2 Manufacture of Chemicals
Acetaldehyde / 2.3
Acetal Resins / 2.7
Acetaminophen / 2.10
Acetic Acid / 2.11
Acetic Anhydride / 2.14
Acetone / 2.16
Acetone Cyanohydrin / 2.18
Acetophenetidine / 2.19
Acetylene / 2.20
Acrolein / 2.23
Acrylic Acid / 2.25
Acrylic Resins / 2.27
Acrylonitrile / 2.28
Adipic Acid / 2.30
Adiponitrile / 2.32
Alcohols, Linear Ethoxylated / 2.33
Alkanolamines / 2.34
Alkyd Resins / 2.36
v
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vi CONTENTS
Alkylbenzenes, Linear / 2.38
Allyl Alcohol / 2.39
Alumina / 2.42
Aluminum / 2.44
Aluminum Chloride / 2.45
Aluminum Sulfate / 2.46
Amitriptyline / 2.47
Ammonia / 2.49
Ammonium Chloride / 2.52
Ammonium Nitrate / 2.53
Ammonium Phosphate / 2.56
Ammonium Picrate / 2.58
Ammonium Sulfate / 2.59
Aniline / 2.60
Anisaldehyde / 2.61
Antibiotics / 2.62
Antihistamines / 2.63
Argon / 2.65
Aspirin / 2.66
Barbital / 2.67
Barbiturates / 2.68
Barium Carbonate / 2.69
Barium Salts / 2.70
Barium Sulfate / 2.71
Barium Sulfide / 2.72
Bauxite / 2.73
Benzaldehyde / 2.74
Benzene / 2.75
Benzine / 2.80
Benzodiazepines / 2.81
Benzoic Acid / 2.83
Benzyl Acetate / 2.84
Benzyl Alcohol / 2.85
Bisphenol A / 2.86
Borax / 2.87
Boron Compounds / 2.88
Bromal / 2.89
Bromine / 2.90
Bromoacetaldehyde / 2.92
BTX Aromatics / 2.93
Butadiene / 2.95
Butane / 2.98
Butanediol / 2.99
Iso-butane / 2.102
Butene-1 / 2.103
Butenediol / 2.104
Iso-butene / 2.106
n-Butene / 2.107
Butyl Acrylate / 2.108
Iso-butyl Alcohol / 2.109
n-Butyl Alcohol / 2.110
t-Butyl Alcohol / 2.111
Butyl Vinyl Ether / 2.112
Butynediol / 2.113
Iso-butyraldehyde / 2.115
n-Butryaldehyde / 2.116
Butyrolactone / 2.118
Caffeine, Theobromine, and Theophylline / 2.119
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CONTENTS vii
Calcite / 2.120
Calcium Acetate / 2.121
Calcium Arsenate / 2.122
Calcium Bromide / 2.123
Calcium Carbonate / 2.124
Calcium Chloride / 2.126
Calcium Fluoride / 2.127
Calcium Hypochlorite / 2.128
Calcium Iodide / 2.129
Calcium Lactate / 2.130
Calcium Oxide / 2.131
Calcium Phosphate / 2.134
Calcium Soaps / 2.135
Calcium Sulfate / 2.136
Calcium Sulfide / 2.137
Caprolactam / 2.138
Carbon / 2.141
Carbon Black / 2.146
Carbon Dioxide / 2.147
Carbon Monoxide / 2.150
Carbon Tetrachloride / 2.151
Cellulose / 2.152
Cellulose Acetate / 2.153
Cellulose Nitrate / 2.154
Cement / 2.156
Cephalosporins / 2.158
Chloral / 2.159
Chlorinated Solvents / 2.160
Chlorine / 2.161
Chlorine Dioxide / 2.164
Chloroacetaldehyde / 2.165
Chlorofluorocarbons / 2.166
Chloroform / 2.167
Chloroprene / 2.168
Chromic Oxide / 2.169
Cimetidine / 2.170
Cinnamic Aldehyde / 2.171
Citric Acid / 2.172
Coal Chemicals / 2.174
Cocaine / 2.179
Codeine / 2.180
Coke / 2.181
Copper Sulfate / 2.182
Cumene / 2.183
Cyclohexane / 2.185
Cyclohexanol / 2.186
Cyclohexanone / 2.187
Darvon / 2.188
Detergents / 2.190
Diazepam / 2.193
Diazodinitrophenol / 2.194
Diethylene Glycol / 2.195
Diethyl Sulfate / 2.196
Dihydrooxyacetone / 2.197
Dimethyl Sulfate / 2.198
Dimethyl Terephthalate / 2.199
2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene / 2.200
Diphenyl Ether / 2.201
