Chapter 6: Early India

30 Pages·2004·12.24 MB·English

190-193 CH6 CO-824133 3/22/04 10:48 AM Page 190
S
BI
R
O
C
ming/
m
Cu
David
EE II
aarrllyy nnddiiaa
The Hindu temple of Devi
Jagadambi in Khajuraho,India
22550000 .. .. 11550000 .. .. 550000 .. .. .. .. 550000
BB CC BB CC BB CC AA DD
c. 3000 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. 563 B.C. A.D.320
India’s first The Aryans The Buddha The Gupta
civilization invade India is born empire
begins begins
190-193 CH6 CO-824133 3/22/04 10:50 AM Page 191
Chapter Preview
Chapter Overview Visit
jat.glencoe.comfor a preview
Like ancient Greece, early India was a land of warriors, of Chapter 6.
thinkers, and scientists. Read this chapter to find out how
ideas from India affect how you do math today.
View the Chapter 6 video in the World History:Journey
Across TimeVideo Program.
India’s First Civilizations
The earliest Indian civilization developed on the
Indus River. Later, the Aryans invaded northern
India. They changed the government and created
a new social system.
Hinduism and Buddhism
India’s two main religions were Hinduism and
Buddhism. These two religions affected every aspect
of people’s lives.
India’s First Empires
India had two great empires: the Maurya and the
Gupta. The Mauryans helped spread Buddhism
throughout Asia. Art and learning flourished during
the Gupta empire.
Identifying Make this foldable to help you identify and learn key terms.
Step 1 Stack four sheets Step 2 With Reading and Writing
of paper,one on top of the papers still As you read the chapter,
the other.On the top stacked,cut write the terms from
sheet of paper,draw a out all four Building Your Vocabulary
large circle. circles at the in your foldable.Write a
same time. definition for each term.
Then turn your foldable
over (upside down) to
Step 3 Staple the paper circles together Step 4 Label the
write a short sentence
at one point around the edge. front circle as shown
using each term.
and take notes on
the pages that
This makes
Chapter 6
Staple a circular open to the right.
Key
here. booklet.
Terms
191
190-193 CH6 CO-824133 3/22/04 10:52 AM Page 192
VVooccaabbuullaarryy
Building Your Vocabulary
What do you do when you are reading and come to a word you do not know?
Here are some hints:
1. Use clues in the sentence (called context clues) to help you define it.
2. Look for prefixes, suffixes, or root words that you already know.
3. Look it up in the glossary or a dictionary.
4. Write it down and ask for help with the meaning.
Context If you know
5. Guess at its meaning.
what the caste system
Look at the word Untouchables in the following paragraph. is, it will help you fig-
ure out the meaning
of Untouchables.
Context The
“Untouchables”
There was one group so low that it was
were a “group.”
They had a “low” not even part of the caste system. Its
rank in society.
members were called Pariahs, or the
Untouchables. They performed work
other Indians thought was too dirty, such
as collecting trash, skinning animals, or
handling dead bodies.
—from page 200
Prefixes and Suffixes
Rtehaayfatdote urat hptuehpn eepd aawerrr oasbrtgedarfn oatdrpoe hih tsaesnlpd amYpnroeeduaf intxmhs uei g“ nstho-ut fmbkfinexe o aa-wnabsb let lh“ entaoot. ”tt”he Cttcvhhaioeaetwent “ stted hehdiexro tybtyw y”p T teowhhrteofheoy rerfk ramws ci neetindrdei-
meaning. You might guess that the Indian society.
meaning of Untouchable
is an Indian who was not
192 to be touched by others.
190-193 CH6 CO-824133 3/22/04 10:53 AM Page 193
Defining Words
Read to Write
Take one word from the
What are three things you could do to help you understand
vocabulary bookmark
the meaning of the word subcontinent in this paragraph?
that you make in the
Apply It! activity. Find
its definition. Then
create a cartoon strip.
Look at the map below. India Have one of the
looks like a diamond hanging from characters in your
cartoon strip use the
the bottom of Asia. India is a sub-
word correctly.
continent (SUHB • KAHN • tuhn • uhnt)
because even though it is part of
Asia, huge mountains make a
barrier between India and the rest
of Asia. These mountains are the
Himalaya (HIH • muh • LAY • uh), the
highest mountains in the world.
—from page 195
Make a vocabulary bookmark using a
2-inch-wide strip of paper. As you
read the chapter, write down words
you do not know or want to find out
more about.
193
194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 2/29/04 11:50 PM Page 194
II FF
nnddiiaa’’ss iirrsstt
CC
iivviilliizzaattiioonnss
What’s the Connection? Meeting People
In India,just as in Egypt and Aryans (AR•ee•uhnz)
Mesopotamia,the first civilizations Brahmans (BRAH•muhns)
developed in fertile river valleys.
Building Your Vocabulary
Focusing on the
subcontinent
•Climate and geography influenced (SUHB•KAHN•tuhn•uhnt)
the rise of India’s first civilization. monsoon (mahn•SOON)
(page 195) Sanskrit (SAN•SKRIHT)
•The Aryans conquered India and raja (RAH•juh)
introduced new ideas and caste (KAST)
technology. (page 198) guru (GUR•oo)
•The Aryans created a caste system
Reading Strategy
that separated Indians into groups.
Organizing Information Complete a
(page 199)
diagram like the one below showing
Locating Places how the Aryans changed India.
Himalaya (HIH•muh•LAY•uh)
Major Ways Aryans Changed India
Ganges River (GAN•JEEZ)
Indus River (IHN•duhs)
Harappa (huh•RA•puh)
Mohenjo-Daro
(moh•HEHN•joh DAHR•oh)
33000000 .. .. 22000000 .. .. 11000000 .. ..
BBCC BBCC BBCC
Khyber
Pass
Harappa c. 3000 B.C. c. 1500 B.C. c. 1000 B.C.
India’s first civilization Aryans Aryans control
GangesR.
begins invade northern India
India
194 CHAPTER 6 Early India
194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 3/22/04 12:47 PM Page 195
The Land of India
Indian climate. A monsoon is a strong wind
that blows one direction in winter and the
Climate and geography influenced the opposite direction in summer. The winter
rise of India’s first civilization. monsoon brings the cold, dry air of the
Reading Focus Do you have tornadoes or hurricanes mountains. The summer monsoon brings
where you live? Read to find out how geography and warm, wet air from the Arabian Sea, which
weather affected India’s first civilization. produces drenching rains.
When the monsoon rains begin, many
Look at the map below. India looks like farmers celebrate. If the rains come on time
a diamond hanging from the bottom of and the rainy season lasts long enough, the
Asia. India is a subcontinent (SUHB•KAHN• crop will be good. If the rains are delayed, a
tuhn•uhnt)because even though it is part of drought will occur. This extended period
Asia, huge mountains make a
barrier between India and the
rest of Asia. These mountains Geography of India
are the Himalaya (HIH•muh•
LAY•uh), the highest mountains 70°E KEY
in the world. KARAK W(driyn twerin mdso)nsoon
Today, there are five nations OR
AM Summer monsoon
that occupy the Indian subconti- R (wet winds)
A
N
nent: India, Pakistan in the GE Mountain peak
northwest, Nepal, Bhutan, and HI Mt. Everest 30°N
BanIgnldadiae shha isn tthweo n ovrethryea sfte.rtile Indus R. GANGESMPLAAINL A Y2(89,,80A5305 mft.)
river valleys. Both are fed by the
GangesR.
mountains in the north. When TROPICOFCANCER
the snow in the Himalaya melts, INDIA
water flows into the Ganges DECCAN
River (GAN•JEEZ) and the Indus
River (IHN•duhs). If the water is PLATEAU Bay of N
Bengal
controlled, the land near these W E
rivers can be used for farming. S
Arabian
The Ganges River runs south 0 500 mi.
Sea
of the Himalaya and flows into 0 500 km
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
the Indian Ocean. The Indus 10°N
INDIAN
River empties into the Arabian
OCEAN
Sea. The area around the Indus is
called the Indus River valley.
South of the river valleys is the The mighty Himalaya and several bodies of
water border the Indian subcontinent.
dry and hilly Deccan Plateau. The
1. What two rivers are found in northern India?
eastern and western coasts of
2. Based on the area’s geography,what parts of
India are lush, fertile plains. the Indian subcontinent do you think are best
Monsoons (mahn•SOONZ) suited for settlement?
are an important part of the Find NGS online map resources @
www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 3/22/04 12:55 PM Page 196
without rain can be disastrous for farmers. India’s first civilization in the Indus
Few crops will be harvested and many River valley began about 3000 B.C. and
people will starve. lasted until 1500 B.C. More than a thousand
villages and towns were part of this civiliza-
India’s First Civilization
In earlier chap-
tion, which stretched from the Himalaya to
ters, you learned about civilizations that
the Arabian Sea. We know something about
began in river valleys. Indian civilization
the way these people lived from studying
also began in a river valley.
the ruins of two major cities, Harappa
The first civilization grew up near the
(huh•RA•puh) and Mohenjo-Daro (moh•
Indus River. When the summer monsoon
HEHN•joh DAHR•oh). The civilization of
began, the river rose higher and higher.
this time is called the Harappan or Indus
When the river flooded nearby land, it left
civilization.
behind rich, fertile soil.
Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Farmers used the rich soil to grow Harappa
crops to feed their families. Because people and Mohenjo-Daro were large cities for
had a plentiful supply of food, they could their time. The well-planned cities had as
spend time doing other things, such as many as 35,000 people. Afortress was built
making tools or building houses. As peo- on a brick platform to keep guard over the
ple began to trade their extra food and residents. There were wide main streets and
goods with other people, their wealth smaller side streets. A wall surrounded
grew. This allowed them to build larger each neighborhood, and narrow lanes
and larger cities. separated the houses.
EEaarrllyy IInnddiiaann CCiivviilliizzaattiioonn
The ruins of Mohenjo-Daro (below) show a carefully planned city.
The picture to the right shows a typical house in the city. From
what material were most of the houses in Mohenjo-Daro made?
Harappan
priest-king
Model of oxcart from
Mohenjo-Daro
Necklace from
Mohenjo-Daro
196 CHAPTER 6 Early India
(l)Robert Harding Picture Library, (c)National Museum of India, New Delhi, India/Bridgeman Art Library, (r)Borromeo/Art Resource, NY,
(br)Harappan National Museum of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan/Bridgeman Art Library
194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 3/1/04 12:00 AM Page 197
Most houses had flat roofs and were enclosed in the fortress. This reveals that reli-
built with mud bricks that were baked in gion and politics were closely connected.
ovens. Some houses were larger than Most Harappans were farmers. They
others, but they all had a similar layout. grew rice, wheat, barley, peas, and cotton.
There was a courtyard in the middle and City dwellers made copper and bronze
smaller rooms around it. tools, clay pottery, and cotton cloth, as well
These ancient city dwellers had some as jewelry from gold, shells, and ivory.
surprising conveniences. Wells supplied Archaeologists have also found many toys
water, and residents even had indoor bath- among the ruins, such as small monkeys that
rooms. Wastewater flowed to drains under could be made to climb up a string.
the streets, running through pipes to pits It is likely that the Harappans began
outside the city walls. Houses also had trading with the Mesopotamians about
garbage chutes connected to a bin in the 2300 B.C. Some Harappan sailors followed
street. It is likely the city government was the coastline and crossed the Arabian Sea,
well organized to be able to provide so and others traveled overland.
many services. One item rarely found in the ruins of
Harappan cities was weapons. This sug-
Harappan Society
Because the Harappans
gests that the Harappans were not only
left no written records, we do not know
prosperous but also peaceful.
much about their society or government.
From the ruins, though, we can tell that the Explain How is India
royal palace and the temple were both separated from the rest of Asia?
Roofs were used to dry crops in the
sun. The dried crops were then placed
in cool storage rooms in the house.
Outer walls of
buildings had
no windows. This
helped prevent
the hot summer
sun from heating
the insides of
the house.
Bathrooms had an advanced drainage system.
Almost every building had its own well.
Drains started from houses and joined the main
Cool water was pulled up when needed.
sewer, which carried the water out of town.
194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 3/22/04 1:07 PM Page 198
The Aryans Invade
Who Were the Aryans?
The Aryans
lived in central and south central Asia.
The Aryans conquered India and intro-
Unlike the Harappans, they were hunters
duced new ideas and technology.
instead of farmers. They also raised and
Reading Focus What would your life be like without
herded animals.
cars or computers? Read to find out how new ideas and
Cattle were a prized possession because
technology affected the Indians.
they provided meat, milk, and butter. Cattle
were so important that the Aryans even used
The Harappan civilization collapsed
them as money. Individual wealth was meas-
about 1500 B.C. Historians think that several ured by the number of cattle a person owned.
earthquakes and floods damaged the cities.
Because they herded animals, Aryans were
Then the Indus River changed its course,
nomads. After their cattle, sheep, and goats
killing many people and forcing others to
had grazed a field until it was brown, they
flee the area. At the same time, a group of
moved on in search of fresh grass and water.
people called the Aryans (AR•ee•uhnz)
Like many nomads, Aryans were good
invaded the river valley. The Aryans
warriors. They were expert horse riders and
destroyed the Harappan civilization.
hunters. They had metal-tipped spears and
wooden chariots, which they
Aryan Migration 22000000––550000 B..C.. sometimes used to invade
nearby villages for food.
50°E 70°E 90°E
After 2000 B.C., the Aryans
Aral
began leaving their home terri-
C Sea N
a
s tory. They moved in waves,
pi E
an Am W and some groups crossed
Sea uDarya USH S through the mountain passes
D U K IndusR. 30°N in the Himalaya. They entered
Aryan mi2gK0rEa0tY0io–n1:500 B.C. H I N Harappa GHANIGMESAPLLAIAN Y A t1h5e0 0BI nyBd. Cu1.0s 0R0i vBe.rC .v, atlhleey Aarroyuannds
1500–1000 B.C. Mohenjo-DaroGangesR. had conquered the Harappans
1000–500 B.C.
and controlled northern India.
0 500 mi.
DECCAN Later, they would move into
0LEaqmuable-rAtr Aeaz 5ipm0ruo0tj hekcamtlion ArSaebaian PLATEAU Bay of tqhuee rD eecvcearny tPhliantge auex acnepdt cothne-
Bengal
southern tip of India.
The Region Today
R. CHINA 10°N
AFGHAN- us BHUTAN
IRAN ISTAAKINSTANInd GangesRN.EPAL The Aryans were nomadic herders who
P INDIA 20°N eventually controlled much of India.
BANGLADESH
OMAN INDIAN 1. After crossing the mountains,what
OCEAN physical feature did the Aryans follow
into India?
2. Into what area of southern India did the
SRI Aryans travel?
70°E LANKA 90°E
198 CHAPTER 6 Early India
194-201 Ch6 S1-824133 3/1/04 12:08 AM Page 199
Society in Ancient India
The Aryans Bring Change
When the
Aryans arrived in India, they no longer
The Aryans created a caste system that
lived as nomads. They became farmers but
separated Indians into groups.
continued to raise cattle. Eventually, the
Reading Focus Have you ever wondered why some
Aryans would declare that cattle were
people seem to be treated differently than other peo-
sacred and forbid them to be used as food.
ple? As you read, try to find out why this idea was
Because Aryans were skilled ironwork-
accepted in India.
ers, they improved farming in India. They
invented an iron plow to help clear India’s
One of the results of the Aryan invasion
many jungles and built canals to irrigate.
of India was the development of a caste sys-
They slowly turned the Ganges River val-
tem. A caste (KAST) is a social group that
ley into good farmland.
someone is born into and cannot change.
India’s varied climate supported many
types of crops. In the north, farmers grew
grains such as wheat, barley, and millet. Rice
was grown in the river valleys. In the south,
there was a mix of crops, including spices
such as pepper, ginger, and cinnamon.
The Aryans also brought a new lan-
guage to India. As nomads, they had no
written language, but in India they devel-
Development of
oped a written language called Sanskrit
(SAN•SKRIHT). Now the songs, stories, poems, Sanskrit c.1500 B.C.
and prayers that Aryans had known for
many centuries could be written down. Sanskrit was the language of ancient
The Aryans were organized into tribes. India.It developed into Hindi—the
Each tribe was led by a raja (RAH•juh), or most widely used language in India
prince. The rajas ran their own small king- today.The earliest example of written
doms, which often fought among them- Sanskrit appears in the four Vedas—the
selves. Rajas fought over cattle and treasure oldest writings of the Hindu religion.
and over women kidnapped from other Sanskrit was used until about A.D.1100.
states. These small rival kingdoms existed
in India for about a thousand years, from Sanskrit Influences on English Words
1500 B.C. to 400 B.C. Sanskrit English
Definition Definition
word word
Analyze Why do you think
nomads like the Aryans were great warriors? Naval A fleet of
Nava Ship
or navy ships
Consisting of
Dua Two Dual
two parts
Divine God;
Deva God Divine relating to
WebActivity Visit jat.glencoe.com and
being a god
click on Chapter 6—Student Web Activityto
learn more about India.
CHAPTER 6 Early India 199